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A-Level PE - Physiological Factors (AQA) > Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

A

Occurs when coronary arteries become hardened, narrowed or blocked preventing/restricting blood flow

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2
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

The process in which arteries harden and narrow, and become blocked by fatty deposits

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3
Q

What are causes of Atherosclerosis?

A

High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Lack of Exercise/Sedentary Lifestyle
Smoking

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4
Q

What is Blood Pressure?

A

The force exerted from the blood onto the blood vessel walls

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5
Q

What can reduce Blood Pressure?

A

Regular Aerobic Exercise

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6
Q

What are the two types of Cholesterol?

A

HDLs - High Density Lipoproteins
- Transport excess cholesterol back to the liver to be broken down
- Classed as good cholesterol
LDLs - Low Density Lipoproteins
- Transport cholesterol to tissues
- Classed as bad cholesterol

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7
Q

What does exercise do to Cholesterol?

A

Lowers Bad LDL Cholesterol
Whilst significantly increasing Good HDL Cholesterol

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8
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

Occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, causing damage to brain cells which start to die

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9
Q

What are the two types of Stroke?

A

Ischaemic Strokes
- Most common form
- Occur from blood clots
Haemorrhagic Strokes
- Occur when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

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10
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of Blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

(Avg resting SV should be 70ml)

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11
Q

What causes an increase in Stroke Volume?

A

Venous Return
- increased venous return = increased stroke volume

Elasticity of Cardiac Fibres
- The more the cardiac fibres cna stretch, the greater the force of contraction
- Plus the more the chamber can fill with blood

Contractility of Cardiac Tissue
- Increased contractility = Increased force of contraction

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12
Q

What is Stroke Volume’s response to exercise?

A

Increases with Intensity

Up to 40-60% maximal effort
(As ventricles don’t have time to fill)
Therefore - Stroke Volume plateaus

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13
Q

What is Heart Rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

(Avg resting HR should be 72bpm)

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14
Q

What is Heart Rate’s response to exercise?

A

Increases directly proportionally to intensity

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15
Q

What is the Formula for calculating Maximum Heart Rate?

A

220 - Age = Maximum Heart Rate

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16
Q

What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?

A

When the Cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger through regular exercise

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17
Q

What are the consequences of Cardiac Hypertrophy?

A

Stronger Cardiac muscle contractions
- Stronger pumps

Increased Stroke Volume
Bradycardia

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18
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

When there is a decrease of resting heart rate beneath 60bpm

  • When this occurs, oxygen delivery to muscles improves because there is less oxygen needed for each contraction of the heart
    (as it beats less frequently)
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19
Q

What is Cardiac Output?
How is it calculated?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart ventricles per minute

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
(SV x HR)

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20
Q

What is Cardiac Output’s response to exercise?

A

Cardiac Output increases,
due to the increase in HR & SV

Cardiac Output increases with intensity until maximum is reached

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21
Q

What are the impacts of increased Cardiac Output on Performance?

A

Able to transport more blood to the working muscles and therefore more oxygen

Easier to continue working at a higher intensity for longer

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22
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction System? (CCS)

A

A network of specialised cells that generate and distribute electrical impulses to the heart muscle, causing it to contract

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23
Q

What are the components of the Cardiac Conduction System?

A

Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibres

24
Q

What is the process of the Cardiac Conduction System?

A
  • SA Node sends an impulse through the walls of the Atria
  • Spreads a wave of excitation
  • Causes Atrial Systole (contraction)
  • Impulse then passes through AV Node
  • Delays the impulse for ~0.1 secs, enabling atria to empty fully
  • Impulse passes through the Bundle of His (in the septum of the Heart) to the Purkinje Fibres in the walls of the ventricles
  • Ventricular Systole occurs (contraction)
25
Q

What are the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Control Systems?

A

Part of Peripheral Nervous System

Sympathetic prepares the body for exercise
- Fight of Flight response

Parasympathetic relaxes the body and slows down high-energy functions
- Rest and Relax response

26
Q

What is Adrenaline and where does it come from?

A

A stress hormone released to increase heart rate
(Part of Sympathetic response)

Secreted by Adrenal Gland

27
Q

What is the Anticipatory Rise?

A

When heart rate increases prior to exercise
- Occurs when adrenaline is released in anticipation for exercise
- Stimulates heart rate and increases stroke volume
- Cardiac Output increases in preparation of exercise

28
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata?

A

The most important part of the brain - it regulates process that keep us alive

29
Q

What is the Cardiac Control Centre (CCC)?

A

A region in the Medulla Oblongata, a part of the brain-stem, that controls the heart rate and other aspects of the cardiovascular system

30
Q

What is Neural Regulation?

A

Involves the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems

Co-ordinated by Cardiac Control Centre (CCC)

31
Q

What is Chemical Regulation?

A

Involves the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and the blood pH

32
Q

What are 3 receptors which stimulate the CCC?
What does each one do?

A

Chemoreceptors
- Detect chemical changes in the body (pH and Gaseous levels)
Baroreceptors
- Detect pressure changes in the body (Blood pressure, Partial pressure)
Proprioceptors
- Detect muscle movement/stretch changes

33
Q

How do each CCC receptor impact heart rate?

A

Chemoreceptor -> increase in blood CO2 -> CCC -> Sympathetic System -> SA Node increases HR

Baroreceptor -> increase in blood pressure -> CCC -> Parasympathetic System -> SA Node decreases HR

Proprioceptors -> increase in muscle movement -> CCC -> Sympathetic System -> SA Node increases HR

34
Q

What is Vascular Shunting?

A

The redistribution of Cardiac Output to where oxygen is most needed

35
Q

What is Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction?

A

Vasodilation - the widening of blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

Vasoconstriction - the narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

36
Q

What are Precapillary Sphincters?

A

Bands of smooth muscle located at artery-capillary junctions, that control blood flow into capillaries

They contract and relax to regulate blood flow to tissues and organs

Either open to allow blood flow into capillary, or closed to block blood flow

37
Q

What happens to blood distribution during exercise?

A

(Medulla Oblongata detects exercise from any of 3 receptors)

Blood vessels leading to working muscles will Vasodilate (precapillary sphincters will open) to encourage blood flow and oxygen transport

Blood vessels leading to non-essential areas, such as the digestive system, will vasoconstrict (precapillary sphincters will close) to discourage blood flow and oxygen transport

38
Q

What happens to blood redistribution after exercise has finished? (Returning to rest)

A

(Medulla Oblongata detects exercise from any of 3 receptors)

Blood vessels leading to non-essential areas will Vasodilate (precapillary sphincters will open) to encourage blood flow and oxygen transport

Blood vessels leading to working muscles, will vasoconstrict (precapillary sphincters will close) to discourage blood flow and oxygen transport

39
Q

What are the 3 main blood vessels?
How are they adapted to their function?

A

Arteries
- Thick, elastic walls for transporting high pressure oxygenated blood
- Smooth inner layer for less restrictive flow
- Small Lumen for Redistribution

Veins
- Thin, elastic walls for transporting low pressure deoxygenated blood
- Valves to prevent back-flow
- Wide Lumen

Capillaries
- Tiny Lumen for Redistribution
- Wide enough for one blood cell at a time (slows down blood flow for exchange)
- Walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion pathway)

40
Q

What is Haemoglobin?
Where is it found?

A

A protein which binds with oxygen in order to transport it through the body
(Forms Oxyhaemoglobin)

Found in Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

41
Q

What are the proportions of how oxygen is transported through the blood?

A

3% dissolved in Plasma
97% combined with Haemoglobin

42
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

Often called ‘muscle-haemoglobin’

Iron-containing pigment in slow-twitch fibres which has a higher affinity with oxygen than Haemoglobin

Oxygen is stored in the muscles by Myoglobin until it is needed in the mitochondria

43
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

Volume of Blood returning to the heart through the Vena Cava per beat

44
Q

What are the mechanisms that aid Venous Return?

[Give as much detail as possible on each one]

A

Gravity
- when blood is returning from upper body

Veins
- Smooth, rhythmically pulsing muscle
- Pocket Valves (to prevent backflow)

Skeletal Muscle Pump
- Skeletal muscle puts pressure on veins when contracting, forcing blood flow

Respiratory Pump
- Respiratory muscles put pressure on veins when contracting and relaxing (as thoracic cavity changes shape), encouraging blood flow

Heart Suction
- During Diastole, the atria have a low pressure
- This causes a suction effect through the veins, suctioning more blood to the atria/back to the heart

45
Q

What is Oxygen Dissociation?

A

The tendency for Oxygen to leave behind Haemoglobin
(How likely it is to happen)

46
Q

What is Partial Pressure?

A

The pressure that a single gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas in the mixture and occupied the same volume

47
Q

What is Saturation?

A

A measure of the amount of oxygen in your blood

48
Q

Describe this graph and what it shows:

[Give as much detail as you can]

A

Oxygen Dissociation Curve:
- Relation between Partial Pressure of o2 and Saturation of Haemoglobin with o2
- (Going from right to left) Arterial blood is at (100, 100) full of o2 and full saturation of Hb
- As it flows through the body, o2 dissociates into body tissues (muscles, etc) - therefore lowers partial pressure and Hb saturation
- Change in Hb saturation shows o2 delivered at capillaries
- At 50% Partial Pressure, this is Venous Blood as it returns to the heart

Bohr Shift (Right Shift):
- Once the blood starts dissociating at capillaries, the rate of Hb saturation loss is greater than resting values
- Comparing Hb saturation at 50% Partial pressure determines extra blood being deposited at capillaries/muscles

  • Shift is caused due to exercise - increased temperature, presence of CO2, Lower blood pH
    (All of which decrease Oxygen’s affinity to Hb) (Encouraging more dissociation)
49
Q

What is Cardiovascular Drift?

A

An increase in Heart Rate despite working at a constant intensity

Usually occurs after 20 mins of continually exercise

50
Q

Why does Cardiovascular Drift occur?

A

Dehydration due to loss of fluids through Thermoregulation (sweating), prompts a loss of blood plasma volume

Blood becomes more viscous and harder to pump through the body

This decreases Stroke Volume

Cardiac Output = S.V x HR

To maintain Cardiac Output, Heart Rate increases to compensate for the decreased Stroke Volume

(Working in hot conditions will exaggerate effects)
(Regularly hydrating will reduce effects)

51
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breathe

52
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled

53
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled, after inhaling as much air as possible

54
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breathe

55
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breathe

56
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A
57
Q

How do you calculate Minute Ventilation?

A

Tidal Volume x Breathes per Minute

A-Level PE - Physiological Factors (AQA) (12 decks)

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