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Bioregulatory systems 3 > cardiorespiratory mechanisms > Flashcards

cardiorespiratory mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between the flow rate and pressure gradient in the alveoili?

A

proportional(have the same graph)

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2
Q

What is plural cavity?

A

thin fluid filled space betweenvisceral pleura and parietal pleura

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3
Q

Describe the pulmonary function flow-volume loop test?

Draw out the flow-volume loop graph for this?

A

1-patient wears nose clip

2-patient wraps lips around the mouth piece

3-patient completes at least one tidal breath (A+B)

4-patient inhales steadily to TLC (total lung capacity)(C)

5- patient exhales as hard and fast as possible to reach Peak expiratory flow rate (peak)(D)

6-Exhalation continues until RV is reached (E)

7- patient immediately inhales to TLC now that lungs are completely empty (F)

8-visually inspect performance and volume time curve and repeat if necessary. Look out for: -inconsistencies with clinical pic -interrupted flow data

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4
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume -the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration

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5
Q

What is ERV?

A

the additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

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6
Q

What is the vital capactiy?

A

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximal amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximal inspiratory effort

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7
Q

What information can you get from a flow volume loop test?

A
  • IRV
  • ERV
  • VC
  • PEF (The maximum airflow during a forced expiration beginning with the lungs fully inflated-highest point on the graph)
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8
Q

What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders

A

obstructive-obstruct airflow

restrictive-restrict the ability of the chest to expand

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9
Q

describe the flow volume loop of a variable extrathoracic obstruction?

A

extrathoracic obstruction-paralysis/constriction of vocal cord

blunted inspiratory (bottom curve)-obstruction outside thorax =slower for air to enter

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10
Q

describe the flow volume loop of a variable intrathoracic obstruction?

A

intrathoracic =tumours of lower trachea/main bronchus

blunted expiratory curve (top curve)-slower to leave lungs(expire) due to obstruction

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11
Q

Describe the flow loop of a fixed upper airway obstruction?

A

-blockage in larynx/upper trachea

both loops blunted-as air cant get in or out

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12
Q

describe the flow volume loop of mild obstructive disease?

A

displaced to the left

indented exhalation curve(coving)

total lung capacity higher

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13
Q

describe the flow volume loop of the severe obstructive disease?

A

shorter curve

displaced to the left

exhalation curve (a more exaggerated version of mild obstructive disease loop)

higher total lung capacity

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14
Q

describe the flow volume loop for restrictive disease?

A

displaced to the right

narrower curve + shorter

lower total lung capacity

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15
Q

Why cant you snorkel deeper under water?

A

because then you have to much dead air space above you and its impossible for us to ventilate it all as our lungs are to small so you just end up moving air up and down a small bit of the tube until all the oxygen is used up

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16
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

resistance=8nl/pi r^4

n=viscosity of the fluid(air)

l=length of the tube if you half the radius the resistance to flow goes up 16 fold

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17
Q

What is boyles Law ?

A

P gas =1/V Gas = means proportional

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18
Q

What is an airway generation?

A

The point at which one airway branches into 2 or more smaller airways

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19
Q

What is the relationship between the conductivity, lung volume and resistance op f airways?

A

as lung volume increases airways dilate=increased conductivity =decreased resistance

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20
Q

What is conductivity of airways?

A

willingness of the airway to conduct fluid transfer which in this case is air

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21
Q

What happens to resistance as the number of airways increase?

A

initially increase up to 4/5 generations and then decreases because as you are creating more branches the cumulative cross sectional volume is increasing leading to a overall decrease in resistance despite the airways getting smaller

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22
Q

Where is the majority of the systemic blood?

A

veins

23
Q

How do calculate Mean arterial pressure?

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance(TPR/PVR)

24
Q

Why is calculating mean arterial pressure an approximation?

A

because it assumes: -steady flow (which does not occur due to the intermittent pumping of the heart) -rigid vessels -right atrial pressure is negligible

25
Q

how is regulation of flow in vessels achieved?

A

by variation in resistance in the vessels while blood pressure remains relatively constant

26
Q

What 3 factors effect the resistance to blood flow?

A

1-fluid viscosity 2-the length of the tube 3- inner radius of the tube

27
Q

How does halving the radius effect blood flow in tubes?

A

decreases flow 16 times

28
Q

What is cardiac output at rest?>

A

5L blood/min

29
Q

What is the normal stroke volume?

A

70ml /beat

30
Q

What is the normal heat rate

A

70 beats/min

31
Q

What is the cardiac output during exercise?

A

20L/min

32
Q

What are the 2 types of blood flow?

A

LAMINAR FLOW: -velocity of the fluid is constant at any one point and flows in layers -blood flows fastest closest to the centre of the lumen TURBULENT FLOW: -Blood flows eratically forming eddys and is prone to pooling -associated with pathophysiological changes to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel

33
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

systolic blood pressure-diastolic blood pressure

34
Q

What is an easier way you can calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

diastolic blood pressure +1/3 pulse pressure (pp)

35
Q

How can you hear turbulent flow?

A

when you deflate the cuff you can hear it using a stephoscope

36
Q

What is complience?

A

How willing is tissue to distort under pressure

37
Q

What is Elastance?

A

What is its tendency to resist distortion and return to its original shape and volume no the same as elasticity

38
Q

How can you calculate compliance?

A

change in volume/change in pressure

39
Q

How can you calculate Elastance?

A

change in pressure / change in volume

40
Q

Why do ventricular and aortic pressures differ?

A

once the aortic valve is closed the ventricular pressure falls rapidly but the aortic pressure falls slowly -due to the elasticity of the aorta and large arteries which act to buffer the change in pulse pressure -blood enters the aorta faster than it leaves, the fact that it leaves slower prevents the blood vessels staying still( as they don’t release the blood suddenly all at once) and this stops it releasing clotting factors

41
Q

What happens when the aortic valve closes?

A

ejection of blood ceases but due to the recoil of the elastic arteries pressure falls slowly and there is diastolic flow in the downstream circulation

42
Q

What would happen if arterial compliance decreased?

A

arteries become stiffer -the damping effect of the windkessel effect is reduced and the PULSE PRESSURE INCREASE

43
Q

What facilitates venous blood return?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP- contract =squish the vessels and pushes the blood one way(back up to the heart) and doesn’t flow back due to valves

RESPIRATORY PUMP- When you breath in, the pressure of the thoracic cavity decreases this helps increase the pressure gradient between the vena cava and the right atrium so blood can move down the pressure gradient into the heart

44
Q

What can happen if the valves fail?

A

VARICOSE VEINS-dilated superficial veins in the legs OEDEMA - prolonged elavation of venous pressure can cause odema in the feet

45
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

when the pressure within a cylinder is held constant, the tension on its walls increase with increasing radius

T=PR

46
Q

What is a pathological example of the law of laplace ?

A

ANEURYSMS:

  • vessel wall weakens causing a balloon like distension -increase the radius of the vessel. This means that for the same internal pressure the inward force exerted by the muscle wall must also increase
  • if the muscle fibres have weakened the force needed cannot be produced and so the aneurysm will continue to expand until it ruptures
47
Q

What is a common type of aneurysm in the UK?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

48
Q

What is the relationship between the transmural pressure and the vessel volume called?

A

COMPLIANCE

  • it depends on the elasticity of the vessel
  • it is the ability of the vessels to increase in volume with increasing transmural pressure
49
Q

What is the difference between venous compliance and arterial compliance?

A

venous is 10 to 20 times greater than arterial compliance at low pressures

50
Q

What decreases venous compliance?

A

SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION of the veins e.g lots of blood loss

-This is because veins will venoconstrict due to increase in smooth muscle contraction=increase pressure to increase blood flow to where needed as the veins is where the majority of the blood is stored= this in turn decreases the venous volume as blood is leaving=less compliance

51
Q

What is the main storage of blood?

A

veins

52
Q

describe ventilation in relation to the plural pressure?

A
  • If plural pressure is more negative=greater transmural pressure gradient
  • alveoli larger and less compliant=Less ventialtion
  • plural pressure less negative =smaller transmural pressure gradient =alveoli smaller and more compliant=more ventilation
53
Q

describe perfusion across the lungs in relation to intravascular pressure?

A

perfusion= passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue.

Lower intravascular pressure=less recruitement, greater resistance and higher flow rate

54
Q

describe the graph?

A

Airway generation- describing how the trachea splits(bifurates) into the bronchi(1st generation), these then split into secondary bronchi (2nd generation) and so on…

In the beginning as the airways split= smaller airawys =increased resistance

However resistance starts to decrease after 4 th generation, this is because the cumulative cross sectional area of all the vessels is greater than before which means overall the resistance decreases

Bioregulatory systems 3 (11 decks)

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