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CardioResp > CardioResp Final > Flashcards

CardioResp Final Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of COPD has rhonchi as one of the breath sounds?

A

Chonric bronchitis

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2
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction and enlargement of the lung alveoli, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange and distal air trapping.

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3
Q

What are the physical exam findings with patients who have emphysema?

A

Quiet chest with decreased breath sounds
Thin, older patient
Prominent accessory breathing muscles
Severe dyspnea

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4
Q

What can be used to diagnose and monitor COPD?

A

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

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5
Q

What has a dose dependent relationship with COPD?

A

Cigarette smoking

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6
Q

What genetic factor may create a deficiency that could lead to COPD?

A

A severe a1-antitrypsin deficiency which works by slowing down proteases that break down proteins. If it’s deficient, proteases go crazy and start breaking down lung tissue

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7
Q

Is COPD reversible?

A

NO and it affects 10 million + people in the USA

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8
Q

What are chest xray findings that may suggest COPD?

A

Flattened/blunted costophrenic angles and hyperinflated lungs (air trapping)

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9
Q

What are the two main types of restrictive lung diseases?

A

Extrinsic (problems outside the lung)

Intrinsic (problems in lung tissue)

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10
Q

Random question: what is Pickwickian Syndrome?

A

Low levels of oxygen and high levels of CO2 in the blood.

Aka Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

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11
Q

How may the intrinsic lung tissue become damaged?

A

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Asbestosis

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12
Q

What 3 diseases could be the cause of neuromuscular dysfunction that would affect the intercostal muscles/diaphragm

A

ALS
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis

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13
Q

In which condition would you see ground glass appearance and honeycombing in the lungs from a CXR?

A

Interstitial lung disease - a restrictive lung condition w/pulmonary fibrosis

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14
Q

What level of forced vital capacity suggests restrictive defect? (Hint: percentage)

A
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15
Q

Is the FEV1/FVC ratio affected in restrictive lung diseases?

A

No, it is normal. Unlike obstructive disease

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16
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

Trouble filling the lungs fully because the total lung capacity has been decreased?

17
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

A measure of how much blood is being pumped out by the heart with each contraction

18
Q

What is the normal or preserved EF? (%)

A

50-60%

19
Q

What is used to measure the ejection fraction?

A

ECHO

20
Q

Which type of heart failure has a decreased Ejection Fraction

A

Systolic heart failure

21
Q

Describe diastolic heart failure

A

Thickening of the myocardium such that the ventricle cannot fully relax and fill properly during diastole

22
Q

Describe systolic heart failure

A

The ventricle is large and dilated such that it does not have the elasticity required to pump blood out into the circulation. EF is decreased

23
Q

What factor does heart failure exponentially increase with?

A

Age

24
Q

T/F Heart failure is a syndrome, not a disease, and there is no single causative agent of it

A

True

25
Q

List the main causes of heart failure

A 
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Hypertension
Valvular dysfunction
Cardiomyopathy
Lung diseases
High output failure
26
Q

What is the predominant cause of heart failure in men and women in industrialized countries?

A

CAD

27
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Death or damage to myocytes (from CAD) leading to a weakly or unevenly beating ventricle

28
Q

What is the most common valvular dysfunction leading to heart failure?

A

Aortic Stenosis

29
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Failure d/t reduced contractile force, which causes back up into the lungs

30
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

A genetic disorder that causes heart failure d/t disorientation of cells and noncompliant ventricle
Leads to diastolic (filling) dysfunction

31
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

High vascular resistance in the lungs leading to right ventricular failure (d/t COPD, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension)

32
Q

What are some clinical findings or diseases that can trigger heart failure when underlying structural damage already exists?

A

Severe anemia
Thyroid disease
Tachycardia/arrhythmia

33
Q

What is the affect of renin?

A

It combines with angiotensinogen to eventually increase angiotensin II and aldosterone to promote salt and water retention, in order to increase blood pressure (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade)

34
Q

Is chronic bronchitis a pathologic or clinical diagnosis?

A

Clinical diagnosis

CardioResp (1 decks)

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