Cardiopulmonary Adaptations

Question 1

Fick principle takes into consideration:

Answer 1

Measures CO directly

VO2
arteriole and venous O2 difference

Question 2

SV decreases as you age. T/F?

Answer 2

True, about 15% ages 20-80

Question 3

CO adaptations at rest

Answer 3

1) Increase vagal tone and decreased sympathetic drive (HR)

2) Increase blood volume, myocardial contractility, compliance of LV (SV)

Question 4

CO during exercise

Answer 4

achieve large CO primarily through large SV

SV:
Increase contractility
Activation of skeletal muscle pump and activation of respiratory pump (increases venous return)

Question 5

3 physiological mechanisms increase the heart’s SV during exercise

Answer 5

1) Myocardial factor - enhances filling diastole, forceful systolic contraction
2) Neurohormonal factor - normal ventricular filling w/ forceful ejection during systole
3) Training adaptations - increase blood volume and reduced resistance to blood flow in peripheral (afterload)

Question 6

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 6

Gradual time-dependent downward drift in SV with an increase in HR during prolonged steady-rate exercise

Decrease preload
Decrease SV
Increase HR to maintain CO

20-30 mins into prolonged exercise

Question 7

SV in exercise

Answer 7

decreases and HR increases

Not cutaneous blood flow, it’s the results of increase in HR that results in decrease in SV

Question 8

Hb saturation w/ O2 remains nearly complete…

Answer 8

Each lite of arterial blood carries 200 ml of O2

Increase in CO proportionate w/ increase in capacity to circulate O2, effecting max O2 consumption

Question 9

avO2 diff

Answer 9

Hb releases quantity of it’s reserve O2 from blood
O2 consumption increases by:

1) increase in the total quantity of blood pumped by the heart (CO)
2) Greater use of the relatively use of O2 already carried by the blood

Question 10

Submax tests uses more O2 in UE or LE?

Answer 10

UE tests

1) decrease mechanical efficiency in UE - additional cost of static muscle actions
2) recruitment of additional musculature = stabilize the worse during arm exercise

Question 11

Cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 11

Eccentric - increase size of the LV

Concentric - modest thickening of the myocardial wall

Question 12

HR adaptations

Answer 12

resting and sub maximal bradycardia result from exercise training

Question 13

4 factors SV

Answer 13

1) increase LV volume/mass
2) decrease cardiac stiffness
3) increase diastolic filling time
4) increase cardiac contractile function

Question 14

CO is linear to O2 consumption. T/F?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

How much VO2 is decreased after 2 weeks bedridden?

Answer 15

10%

Question 16

RV

Answer 16

temporarily increase from an acute bout of either short-term or prolonged exercises

Results:

1) closure of small peripheral airways
2) increase thoracic blood volume

Question 17

What effects lung volume?

Answer 17

Taller people! Doesn’t change with exercises except swimmers/divers!

Question 18

TV increases with exercise. T/F

Answer 18

True
Frequency increase with exercise

Expands largely into IRV
Small decrease in expiratory

Question 19

Dyspnea

Answer 19

result from increase CO2 and H

Question 20

How to push lactate threshold?

Answer 20

Interval training

Question 21

Altitude training

Answer 21

Live high, train low
above 8000 feet for adaptation
*poor evidence
months for RBC change

Question 22

Factors that control ventilation

Answer 22

Chemical
Cortisol
Peripheral influence
Temp
Multiple factors!!

Question 23

Does ventilation limit exercise?

Answer 23

Pulmonary ventilation does not limit O2 transport in healthy individuals since minute vent at VO2max equals only 60-85% of healthy MVV