Cardiopulm - Final

Question 1

The respiratory system plays an important role in maintaining carbon dioxide levels in the blood on a ________ to _______ basis.

Answer 1

breath to breath

Question 2

The carbon dioxide-bicarbonate buffer system involves both the lungs and the kidneys. The lungs regulate the _________ while the kidneys regulate ____________.

Answer 2

PCO2; bicarb

Question 3

____________ results in carbon dioxide removal from the lungs that exceeds its production by the tissues.

Answer 3

Hyperventilation

Question 4

An increase in hemoglobin results in ____________ in the buffering capacity of the blood.

Answer 4

an increase

Question 5

On a pH-bicarbonate (Davenport) diagram, movement to a new isobar occurs as the result of a _______________ disturbance.

Answer 5

respiratory

Question 6

Which of the following can lead to respiratory alkalosis? (select all correct answers)

1. Hyperventilation
2. Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
3. Hypoventilation
4. Increased pH

Answer 6

(all except hypoventilation)

Hyperventilation, decreased PCO2, increased pH

Question 7

A patient has a PaCO2 of 60 mmHg that results in an initial pH of approximately 7.2. In response, the kidneys retain bicarbonate and the patient’s final pH is increased to 7.3. This condition would be described as

Answer 7

Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 8

Climbing Mt. Everest results in a significant drop in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air. Which of the following adaptations will help to compensate for the resulting drop in the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen?

1. an increase in ventilation
2. a decease in the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide
3. an increase in hemoglobin concentration
4. an increase in hemoglobin saturation

Answer 8

-an increase in ventilation
-a decease in the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide
-an increase in hemoglobin concentration

Question 9

An increase in hemoglobin concentration increases the amount of bicarbonate that is available to enter the plasma. This is only possible because

Answer 9

the increased [Hb] is able to bind more H+ ions, freeing bicarbonate to move out of the red blood cells.

Question 10

Based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the normal pH of the blood is ______, with a normal range of _________.

Answer 10

7.4; 7.35 to 7.45

Question 11

What is the effect on carbonic acid if there is less CO2 in the blood?

Answer 11

decreased carbonic acid

Question 12

What is a normal PCO2?

Answer 12

40 mmHg

Question 13

What is a normal amount of bicarb in arterial blood?

Answer 13

24 mmol/L

Question 14

What is the “chemical buffer system”? (what 3 systems does it consist of?)

How quickly does it respond?

Answer 14

Responds w/i a fraction of a second. (first response)

1. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system (extracellular)
2. Protein buffer system (hemoglobin)
3. Phosphate buffer system (intracellular)

Question 15

What 3 systems help maintain acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 15

1. Chemical Buffer system
2. Respiratory system
3. Renal system (kidneys)

Question 16

How quickly does the respiratory system respond to fix acid-base balance?

Answer 16

Minutes
(2nd response, after chemical buffer system)

Question 17

How quickly does the renal system respond to fix acid-base balance?

Answer 17

Days
(slowest, but most effective)

Question 18

Does our body tolerate being more alkaline (basic) or acidic?

Answer 18

Alkaline

Question 19

How does the respiratory system help maintain acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 19

Changes alveolar ventilation to match ventilation with current CO2 production

Question 20

How does the protein buffer system work to maintain acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 20

Binding to Hb facilitates O2 unloading

Question 21

What is hypoventilation in terms of CO2 removal and production?

Answer 21

CO2 removal is slower than production

Question 22

What is hyperventilation in terms of CO2 removal and production?

Answer 22

CO2 removal is faster than production