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Cardiomyopathies > Cardiomyopathies > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle.

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2
Q

Myocardial hypertrophy

A

The muscle cells of the heart get bigger (but the number stays the same –> no hyperplasia).

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells.

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4
Q

3 Types of myocardial hypertrophy

A

1) Concentric
2) Eccentric
3) Compensatory

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5
Q

Heart failure

A

The heart can’t pump the blood that’s brought to it.

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6
Q

Compensatory myocardial hypertropy

A

A part of the heart doesn’t work (due to an infarct, for example) so the rest of the heart has to work harder, and it gets bigger in the process.

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7
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy

A

Due to an increase in volume (like from aortic regurgitation)..

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8
Q

Ventricles and heart walls in eccentric hypertrophy.

A

The ventricles dilate and the walls get thinner.

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9
Q

Myocyte changes and sarcomere addition in eccentric hypertrophy.

A

Myocytes increase in length bc they’re being stretched and sarcomeres are added end to end (increase in length).

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10
Q

Concentric Hypertrophy

A

Due to an increase in pressure (like hypertension or congestion).

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11
Q

Ventricle wall and chamber size in concentric hypertrophy.

A

Ventricle wall thickens and chamber size gets smaller.

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12
Q

Myocyte changes in concentric hypertrophy.

A

Increase in diameter.

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13
Q

Sarcomere addition in concentric hypertrophy.

A

Added side by side.

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14
Q

Pathologic cardiac hypertrophy caused by:

A

1) Activation of signaling pathways, like myotrophin.

2) Change in the expression of filament genes.

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15
Q

Filaments in the heart.

A

Actin and Myosin.

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16
Q

Myotrophin

A

Causes the heart muscle to grow.

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17
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle.

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18
Q

Myocytes in the aging myocardium

A

Fewer, smaller, weaker. Also have interstitial fibrosis.

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19
Q

Interstitial fibrosis

A

Stiff heart

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20
Q

Myofiber Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the diameter of the fibers.

They also have large nuclei, which are hyperchromatic.

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21
Q

Large nuclei indicate what?

A

Hypertrophy

22
Q

Myofiber atrophy is seen where?

A

In the aging heart.

23
Q

Alcohol and beri beri can cause what?

A

Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathies.

24
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

The chamber (usually left ventricle) is dilated.

25
Q

Beri Beri

A

Vit. B1 deficiency that can cause dilated cardiomyopathy.

26
Q

Inotropy

A

The force of muscle contraction.

27
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

The ventricle is restricted from filling, so ventricle size stays normal, but atrium size grows.

28
Q

Endocardial fibrosis

A

A reaction to injury of the myocardium.

29
Q

Things to look for in dilated cardiomyopathies.

A

(1) Thrombi

(2) Endocardial fibrosis

30
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

A disease in which the body absorbs too much Iron and stores it in the heart and liver, causing a cardiomyopathy.

31
Q

Color of the heart in hemochromatosis.

A

Brown.

32
Q

Acid maltase deficiency

A

Accumulation of Glycogen in vacuoles of muscles.

33
Q

Symptoms of AMD

A

HUGE HEART b/c myocardial fibers are filled with glycogen.

34
Q

Why is it bad to have excess Iron?

A

It forms free radicals and damages the tissues.

35
Q

Glycogen stains with …

A

PAS

36
Q

How does AMD look in a histology stain?

A

There are a lot of empty spaces b/c the glycogen gets taken out during the process.

37
Q

You can get cardiomyopathies from different non-functioning cytoskeletal proteins, like what?

A

Desmin, dystrophin, actin, myosin.

38
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

A disease in which there’s occlusion of a coronary artery.

39
Q

Acute MI usually associated with…

A

Chest pain

40
Q

Elevated serum creating kinase (CK)

A

Indicates necrosis of muscle cells (like after an MI).

But elevated serum CK doesn’t mean it’s definitely a heart attack.

41
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

42
Q

Most important myocarditis.

A

Viral myocarditis –> Like Coxsackie

43
Q

Pathologic mechanisms of viral myocarditis

A

1) Cytotoxic effect from the virus kills the myocytes.
2) Secondary immune response causes the immune system to attack infected myocytes.
3) Cytokines cause additional damage.

44
Q

Most common cause of myocarditis.

A

Coxsackie virus.

45
Q

Most common cause of sudden death in young athletes.

A

Myocardial hypertrophy.

46
Q

Structure of the heart in Myocardial hypertrophy

A

Thickened walls, especially the left ventricle and the septum.

47
Q

Genetic aspect of myocardial hypertrophy.

A

Defect in structural proteins, especially myosin heavy chain.

48
Q

Arrangement of myocytes in normal heart and in that of myocardial hypertrophy.

A

Normal = parallel arrangement. Abnormal = haphazard arrangement.

49
Q

Impaired ventricular filling.

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

50
Q

Arrythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy

A

Mostly in young people and the desmoglein 2 is affected, so cardiac cells lose their cohesion.

51
Q

Gross changes in the heart from arrythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy.

A

The myocardium is replaced by fat.

Cardiomyopathies (1 decks)

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