Cardiology Week 1 Flashcards
What are the conduction system that causes bradycardia?
Sick Sinus rhythm (SSS), Heart Block (1,2,3rd degree)
Calculate stroke risk for patient with afib
CHA2DS2VASc
Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence
They are the lowest in Asian or African American/black
Highest in European descent
Arrhythmia that can cause sudden cardiac death
VFIB and VTACH,
VT is commonly seen in males secondary to CAD
Atrial Fibrillation
What is an arrhythmia?
An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that can be too fast, too slow, or erratic.
Fill in the blank: Atrial fibrillation is characterized by __________.
irregular and often rapid heart rate
What arrhythmia is characterized by a ‘sawtooth’ pattern on an ECG?
Atrial flutter
Multiple Choice: Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with heart failure? A) Atrial Fibrillation B) Sinus Bradycardia C) Supraventricular Tachycardia
A) Atrial Fibrillation
What is the purpose of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)?
To monitor heart rhythms and deliver shocks if life-threatening arrhythmias occur.
What is the term for the irregular heartbeat that occurs after a heart attack?
Post-myocardial infarction arrhythmia
What does the term ‘premature ventricular contractions’ (PVCs) refer to?
Extra, abnormal heartbeats originating in the ventricles.
What is the significance of the P wave on an ECG?
It represents atrial depolarization.
Fill in the blank: The __________ interval on an ECG measures the time it takes for the heart muscle to recover after each heartbeat.
QT
Multiple Choice: Which arrhythmia is characterized by a rapid heartbeat that starts and stops suddenly? A) Atrial Fibrillation B) Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia C) Ventricular Fibrillation
B) Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
tachycardia differential diagnosis and diagnostic considerations
SVT, Ventricular dysrhythmias, sinus tachycardia secondary to infection, sepsis, hyperthyroidism, and electrolyte abnormalities.
EKG and 2D echocardiogram to assess cardiac structure and function and stress test for afib. to assess cardiac ischemia.
treatment for AVNRT, AVRT, atrial tachycardia
Unstable- Synchronize cardioversion if
Stable- vagal maneuvers, adenosine, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
Management for AFIB less than 24-48 hours
synchronized cardioversion
Management for AFIB unknown onset
-Needs TEE to rule out thrombus in the atrial appendages before cardioversion.
medications for atrial flutter
Anti-arrhythmic medications include Flecainide, propafenone, dofetilide, sotalol, and amiodarone. (PFAS-D) this med can cause prolonged QT interval; IF MEDS DOESN’T WORK, CATHETER ABLATION IS ANOTHER CHOICEE.
Causes of AVB
Digoxin toxicity, anti-arrhythmic overdose, Lyme carditiss
Vtach
ventricular rate of more than 100 with >3 PVCs
-no P WAVE, Dissociated, wide QRS, the rate is 100-250
Sign and symptoms of Vtach
Palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, syncope, or even cardiac arrest.
Exam findings: Murmurs, ,JVD, abnormal pulses, edema, and abnormal BP
VTACH TREATMENT
UNSTABLE: synchronized cardioversion (monomorphic vtach)
defib (polymorphic vtach) /without pulse
Drug of choice for PSVT
Adenosine - to reduce SA and AV node activity
2nd line- metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol (beta blockers)
3rd line - Cardizem, verapamil (calcium channel blockers)
for heart failure, use amiodarone
if pharmacologic is unsuccessful- and the patient is unstable- cardioversion
causes of failure to capture
lead displacement
insulation breaks
Lead fracture
