Cardiology science Flashcards
1
Q
Angina causes
A
ischemia atheroma cold weather heavy meal emotion
2
Q
angina symptoms
A
central heavy tight pain
radiates to neck, jaw, teeth
3
Q
what is stable angina
A
increase with exertion, relieved with relax
4
Q
what is unstable angina
A
increase in frequency and pain
can happen on minimal exertion
5
Q
angina on ecg
A
could show as normal OR st depression OR mi signs
6
Q
angina management
A
stop smoking and exercise
aspirin, beta blocker, nitrates
7
Q
what is acute coronary syndrome
A
unstable angina
mi
- both have plaque rupture, thrombosis and inflammation
8
Q
LBBB on ECG
A
M on v6
9
Q
Acute coronary syndrome symptoms
A
central chest pain
lasting +20 mins
nausea, sweat, dysponea, palpitations
can also have no chest pain
10
Q
Signs of acute coronary syndrome
A
distress, anxiety, pallor, increase blood pressure
11
Q
acute coronary syndrome ECG
A
ECG: ST elevation, tall t waves
12
Q
acute coronary syndrome bloods
A
FBC, U&E, glucose, lipids
13
Q
acute coronary syndrome cardiac enzymes
A
all should increase:
troponin
creatine kinase
myoglobin
14
Q
arrhythmia cardiac causes
A
MI, CAD, LV, aneurysm, pericardist, myocarditis
15
Q
arrhythmia non cardiac causes
A
caffeine, smoking, pneumonia, drugs
16
Q
arrhythmia presentation
A
palpitations, chest pain, syncope, hypotension, pulmonary odema
17
Q
arrhythmia blood tests to do
A
Bloods: all , ca2, mg, TSH
18
Q
arrhythmia ecg findings
A
AF, short PR, long QT
19
Q
arrhythmia treatment - bradycardia and AF
A
bradycardia - atropine
AF: b blocker or verapamil
20
Q
atrial fibrilation
A
irregular
300-600 bpm
21
Q
AF causes
A
- HF/ischemia
- hypertention
- MI
- pneumonia
- caffeine
- drugs
- hyperthyroidism
22
Q
AF symptoms
A
chest pain palpitations dysponea faintness irregularly irregular pulse
23
Q
AF diagnostic tests
A
ecg: no p waves, irregular QRS
blood: fbc, cardiac enzymes
echo: enlarged valve
24
Q
AF acute treatment
A
- o2, u&e
- amidarone
25
Chronic
- rate control -> b blocker, ca channel blocker
| - anticoagulation
26
heart failure definition
inadequate cardiac output for the body
27
systolic HF
ventricle can contract properly
28
diastolic HF
ventricles cant fill and relax
29
causes of systolic and diastolic HF
constrictive pericarditis, tamponade, hypertension
30
left and right HF together is...?
congestive HF
31
left HF symptoms
dysponea, fatigue, cant exercise, nocturnal cough
32
right HF symptoms
peripheral odema, ascites, nausea
33
Right HF causes
LVF, pumonary stenosis, lung disease
34
heart failure measure methods
framingham criteria
| NY classification
35
hypertension figures for treatment
160/100 = treatment needed
140/90 = ask if heart events or diabetes
36
primary and secondary hypertension
1: unknown causes, most common
2: renal and endo
37
hypertension signs
asymptomatic
headache
radiofemoral delay
weak femoral pulse
38
mitral stenosis murmur type
diastolic
39
mitral stenosis causes
rheumatic fever, cancer, prosthetic valve
40
mitral stenosis presentation
dysponea, fatigue, palpitations, pain
41
mitra stenosis signs
malar flush, low pulse volume
42
mitral stenosis test and findings
ecg: af, rvh
cxr: LA enlargment
echo: calcification
43
mitral regurgitation murmur
pansystolic
44
mitral regurgitation causes
LV dilation
rheumatic fever
endocarditis
valve prolapse
45
mitral regurgitation symptoms
dysponea, fatigue, palpitations
46
mitral regurgitation signs
AF, heave
47
mitral regurgitation tests and findings
ecg: af and lvh
cxr: large LA and LV, mitral calcification, pulmonary odema
48
mitral valve prolapse murmur type
late systolic
49
mitral valve prolapse signs and symptoms
none, chest pain, palpitations
can lead to mitral regurgitation
50
mitral valve prolapse ecg finding
inferior t wave inversion
51
aortic stenosis cause
senile calcification
| rehumatic heart disease
52
aortic stenosis presentation
triad: syncope, angina, HF
53
aortic stenosis signs
slow rising pulse
| heaves
54
aortic stenosis test and findings
ecg: lvh, lad, lbbb
cxr: lvh, calcified aortic valve
echo: stenosis
55
aortic regurgitation acute and chronic causes
acute: infective endo, chest trauma
chronic: congenital, rheumatic fever, RA, SLE
56
aortic regurgitation symptoms
exertinonal dysponea, orthopnea, collapsing pulse
corrigan sign: carotid pulsation
de mossets: head noding with beat
duroziez: in groin
57
tricuspid regurgitation causes
rheumatic fever, infective endo
58
tricuspid regurgitation symptoms
fatigue, hepatic pain on exertion, ascites, odema, JVP, heave, pan systolic murmur
59
pulmonary stenosis causes
congenital, rheumatic fever
60
pulmonary stenosis symptoms
dysponea, fatigue, odema, ascites, jvp, systolic murmur
61
pulmonary stenosis tests and findings
ecg: rad, rhv, rbbb
cxr: L/R pulmonary artery dilated
62
infective endocarditis general info
```
fever over 1 week
S aureus can lead to bacteremia
rf:
ivdu, injections
valve replacement
```
63
infective endocarditis signs
```
fever
rigor
night sweat
malaise
weight loss
clubbing
new murmur
cardiac leisons
immune complex deposits
```
64
infective endocarditis diagnosing
bloods: anemic, esr, crp, u&e
65
infective endocarditis treatment
amox and gentamycin
66
acute myocarditis cause
idiopathic
viral bacterial
drugs
vasculitis
67
acute myocarditis symptoms
```
fatigue
dysponea
CP
fever
palpitations
```
68
acute myocarditis on ECG
ECG: st elevation or depression, t wave inversion
69
dilated cardiomyopathy general
dilated, flabby heart
| associated with alcohol, increased BP, haemochromatosis, viral autoimmune
70
dilated cardiomyopathy presentation
fatigue, dysponea, pulmonary odema, RVF, AF
71
dilated cardiomyopathy signs
increased pulse, decreased BP, increased JVP, pleural effusion, jaundice
72
dilated cardiomyopathy tests
blood: decreased na
cxr: cardiomegaly, pulmonary odema
echo
73
hypertension cardiomyopathy general
genetic
stiffen wall muscle
enlarged heart
74
hypertension cardiomyopathy symptoms
death, angina, dysponea, palpitations, syncope
75
hypertension cardiomyopathy tests
ecg: lvh, t wave inversion, af
76
acute pericarditis is..?
inflam of pericaridum
77
acute pericarditis causes
idiotpathic or from virus and bacteria
78
acute pericarditis signs
chest pain on inspiration or lying flat
| sitting forward makes it better
79
acute pericarditis test
ecg: concave st elevation
blood: fbc, esr, u&e, cardiac enzyme
cxr: cardiomegaly
80
pericardial effusion is..?
fluid in sac
| caused by anything that causes pericarditis
81
pericardial effusion signs
dysponea, increased jvp, bronchial breathing
82
constrictive pericarditis general
rigid pericardium
83
constrictive pericarditis signs
increased jvp, ascites, odema, splenomegaly
84
constrictive pericarditis tests
cxr: small heart, calcification
85
cardiac tamponade general
fluid accumulation
| decreased cardiac output
86
cardiac tamponade causes
any pericarditis, aortic dissection, warfarin
87
cardiac tamponade signs
increase pulse and jvp
| decreased bp
88
cardiac tamponade diagnosis
becks triad
| cxr:globular heart
89
angina investigation - what? and what will it show? (2 findings)
1. ECG
| - -> should show st depression OR inverted T
90
wolf parkinson wife syndrome
- causes
- what is it
- what does ecg show
- congenital
- problem between atria and ventricle
- short pr interval, wide QRS, ST-T changes
91
atrial flutter on ecg
saw tooth
92
diagnosing HF
```
echo
ecg
b natriuertic peptide in serum
fbc
cxr
```
93
WHat is the classic way to know a new diagnosis I see infective endocarditis?
Fever and new murmur
94
ACute pericarditis on ecg?
Concave st
95
How's does pericardial effusion look on CXR?
Globular heart
