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Cardiology OSCE Prep > Cardiology Prep > Flashcards

Cardiology Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank:

The and carry blood into the right atrium of the heart

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: (use Right or Left)

The tricuspid is on the side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located on the side of the heart

A

The tricuspid is on the right side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located in the left side of the heart

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3
Q

The pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated. The pulmonary arteries are the ONLY arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. All other arteries carry oxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atria

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4
Q

The right side of the heart contains oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated

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5
Q

During systole, which cardiac valves are closed?

A

Atrioventricular Valves, or Tricuspid and Mitral (Bicuspid) Valves

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6
Q

What causes the S2 heart sound (the “dub”)?

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

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7
Q

Does the S2 sound mark the end of Systole or Diastole in the Cardiac cycle?

A

Systole (S is for systole!)

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8
Q

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal tricuspid valve sounds?

A

Right 4th-5th intercostal space along the edge of the sternal border

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9
Q

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate for normal or abnormal aortic valve sounds?

A

Right 2nd intercostal space along the sternal border

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10
Q

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal mitral valve sounds?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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11
Q

Fill in the blank:

In systole the ventricles (contract/relax), and in diastole the atria (contract/relax)

A

In systole the ventricles contract, and in diastole the atria contract

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12
Q

Fill in the blank:

In systole the and valves are open, and in diastole the and are open

A

In systole the aortic and pulmonic valves are open, and in diastole the tricuspid and mitral valves are open

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13
Q

True or False:

In diastole, the ventricles relax and empty out blood

A

FALSE: In diastole, the ventricles relax and FILL up with blood. In systole, the ventricles contract and PUSH OUT OR EMPTY OUT blood.

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14
Q

Where are the 2 location sites for the baroreceptors that help regulate blood pressure changes?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

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15
Q

What part of the EKG tracing represents ventricular depolarization?

A

The QRS Complex

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16
Q

Which part of the heart do leads V1 and V2 on an EKG represent?

A

The septum. Leads V1 and V2 are considered the septal leads

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17
Q

What two arteries branch off of the left main coronary artery?

A

Left Anterior Descending and Circumflex

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18
Q

What are the inferior leads on an EKG?

A

ll, lll, aVF

19
Q

What artery supplies the inferior lateral heart?

A

The right coronary artery

20
Q

What does a P wave on an EKG represent?

A

Atrial Depolarization

21
Q

What is the most common cause of systolic HF?

A

Ischemic Heart Disease

22
Q

What atrial tachyarrythmia classically lacks p waves on EKG?

A

Atrial Fibrillation

23
Q

What is the most common cause of Diastolic HF?

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

24
Q

What extra heart sound do you typically hear when someone has known LVH from Essential HTN?

A

S4

25
Q

What two variables determine Cardiac Output?

A

Heart rate and Stroke Volume

26
Q

What 3 main components determine Stroke Volume?

A

Preload, Afterload, Contractility

27
Q

Which class of antihypertensive help decrease afterload the best?

A

ACE/ARBs

28
Q

Explain the mechanism of action for ACE Inhibitors?

A

Blocks the Ace converting Enzyme (ACE) which converts angiontensin l to angiotensin ll an hydrolyzes bradykinin. Therefore, it blocks the vasoconstrictive action of angiotensin ll as well as the reabsorption of Na (which also decreases water reabsorption) and leads to an excess of bradykinin which is a vasodilator

29
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of beta blockers

A

Blocks the effects of beta 1 receptors leading to a decrease in heart rate and decrease in contractility force with each beat. B1 receptors are also responsible for stimulating renin production from the kidney for the RAAS system (responsible for Na & H2O reabsorption, so it blocks this.

30
Q

What part of the heart do leads V2-V4 on an EKG represent? What artery supplies that area of the heart?

A

Anterior aspect of the heart. The left anterior descending artery

31
Q

What part of the cardiac output formula do diuretics impact?

A

Stroke volume (increase H20 excretion)

32
Q

What is the MAIN difference between unstable angina and an NSTEMI in ACS?

A

NSTEMI has the history plus there is an infarction with a POSITIVE Troponin

33
Q

If someone has a significant history of asthma, which class of antihypertensive would NOT be your first choice?

A

B-blockers. They can act on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors that are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. This can cause a vasoconstrictive effect and bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm effect

34
Q

What is considered a provoked DVT?

A

Having a DVT with a triggering event- risk factors such as major surgery, trauma, immobility (bedbound), pregnancy or puerperium, or history of hormonal therapy (oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy).

35
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for acute STEMI?

A

PCI

36
Q

What is the goal door-to-balloon time for an acute STEMI in the ER?

A

90 minutes or less from the time a STEMI is diagnosed until the time patient undergoes PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)

37
Q

What criteria assists in helping you determine if someone is at risk for a PE?

A

Well’s Criteria (Clinical signs and symptoms of a DVT, HR>100, known malignancy or malignancy treatment within last 6 months immobilization for atleast 3 days or surgery within the last 4 weeks, Hemoptysis, PE is leading differential)

38
Q

What lab test can be used as a diagnostic tool to help rule out a DVT/PE?

A

D-Dimer (Normal is <0.5)

39
Q

Fill in the blank:

Systolic Heart failure means the ventricle can’t (pump/fill up) correctly. Diastolic Heart failure means the ventricle can’t (pump/fill up) correctly

A

Systolic HF means the ventricle can’t pump the blood out correctly. Diastolic HF means the ventricle can’t fill up correctly.

40
Q

What are the 3 components of Becks triad?

A

Muffled heart sounds, Jugular venous distention, hypotension

41
Q

Your patient has chest pain, and their EKG demonstrates DIFFUSE ST-elevation. What is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Pericarditis

42
Q

You have a child with a known diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. You appreciate a systolic murmur on examination. You then ask the patient to bear down. Do you expect the murmur to increase or decrease?

A

Increase. Valsalva decreases left ventricle pre-load. Memory trick: Think of a milk jug or pop bottle, when it is more empty and you shake it, its louder when it has not been open. The decrease in volume causes the murmur to become more noticeable

43
Q

What lab do you need to monitor if they are on a statin? (Besides a lipid panel)

A

Liver enzyme (3 months after starting the medication, and then annually).

Cardiology OSCE Prep (1 decks)

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