Cardiology Prep Flashcards
Fill in the blank:
The and carry blood into the right atrium of the heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Fill in the blank: (use Right or Left)
The tricuspid is on the side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located on the side of the heart
The tricuspid is on the right side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located in the left side of the heart
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated. The pulmonary arteries are the ONLY arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. All other arteries carry oxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atria
The right side of the heart contains oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated
During systole, which cardiac valves are closed?
Atrioventricular Valves, or Tricuspid and Mitral (Bicuspid) Valves
What causes the S2 heart sound (the “dub”)?
Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
Does the S2 sound mark the end of Systole or Diastole in the Cardiac cycle?
Systole (S is for systole!)
Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal tricuspid valve sounds?
Right 4th-5th intercostal space along the edge of the sternal border
Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate for normal or abnormal aortic valve sounds?
Right 2nd intercostal space along the sternal border
Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal mitral valve sounds?
Left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
Fill in the blank:
In systole the ventricles (contract/relax), and in diastole the atria (contract/relax)
In systole the ventricles contract, and in diastole the atria contract
Fill in the blank:
In systole the and valves are open, and in diastole the and are open
In systole the aortic and pulmonic valves are open, and in diastole the tricuspid and mitral valves are open
True or False:
In diastole, the ventricles relax and empty out blood
FALSE: In diastole, the ventricles relax and FILL up with blood. In systole, the ventricles contract and PUSH OUT OR EMPTY OUT blood.
Where are the 2 location sites for the baroreceptors that help regulate blood pressure changes?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
What part of the EKG tracing represents ventricular depolarization?
The QRS Complex
Which part of the heart do leads V1 and V2 on an EKG represent?
The septum. Leads V1 and V2 are considered the septal leads
What two arteries branch off of the left main coronary artery?
Left Anterior Descending and Circumflex
What are the inferior leads on an EKG?
ll, lll, aVF
What artery supplies the inferior lateral heart?
The right coronary artery
What does a P wave on an EKG represent?
Atrial Depolarization
What is the most common cause of systolic HF?
Ischemic Heart Disease
What atrial tachyarrythmia classically lacks p waves on EKG?
Atrial Fibrillation
What is the most common cause of Diastolic HF?
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
What extra heart sound do you typically hear when someone has known LVH from Essential HTN?
S4
What two variables determine Cardiac Output?
Heart rate and Stroke Volume
What 3 main components determine Stroke Volume?
Preload, Afterload, Contractility
Which class of antihypertensive help decrease afterload the best?
ACE/ARBs
Explain the mechanism of action for ACE Inhibitors?
Blocks the Ace converting Enzyme (ACE) which converts angiontensin l to angiotensin ll an hydrolyzes bradykinin. Therefore, it blocks the vasoconstrictive action of angiotensin ll as well as the reabsorption of Na (which also decreases water reabsorption) and leads to an excess of bradykinin which is a vasodilator
Explain the mechanism of action of beta blockers
Blocks the effects of beta 1 receptors leading to a decrease in heart rate and decrease in contractility force with each beat. B1 receptors are also responsible for stimulating renin production from the kidney for the RAAS system (responsible for Na & H2O reabsorption, so it blocks this.
What part of the heart do leads V2-V4 on an EKG represent? What artery supplies that area of the heart?
Anterior aspect of the heart. The left anterior descending artery
What part of the cardiac output formula do diuretics impact?
Stroke volume (increase H20 excretion)
What is the MAIN difference between unstable angina and an NSTEMI in ACS?
NSTEMI has the history plus there is an infarction with a POSITIVE Troponin
If someone has a significant history of asthma, which class of antihypertensive would NOT be your first choice?
B-blockers. They can act on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors that are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. This can cause a vasoconstrictive effect and bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm effect
What is considered a provoked DVT?
Having a DVT with a triggering event- risk factors such as major surgery, trauma, immobility (bedbound), pregnancy or puerperium, or history of hormonal therapy (oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy).
What is the gold standard treatment for acute STEMI?
PCI
What is the goal door-to-balloon time for an acute STEMI in the ER?
90 minutes or less from the time a STEMI is diagnosed until the time patient undergoes PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)
What criteria assists in helping you determine if someone is at risk for a PE?
Well’s Criteria (Clinical signs and symptoms of a DVT, HR>100, known malignancy or malignancy treatment within last 6 months immobilization for atleast 3 days or surgery within the last 4 weeks, Hemoptysis, PE is leading differential)
What lab test can be used as a diagnostic tool to help rule out a DVT/PE?
D-Dimer (Normal is <0.5)
Fill in the blank:
Systolic Heart failure means the ventricle can’t (pump/fill up) correctly. Diastolic Heart failure means the ventricle can’t (pump/fill up) correctly
Systolic HF means the ventricle can’t pump the blood out correctly. Diastolic HF means the ventricle can’t fill up correctly.
What are the 3 components of Becks triad?
Muffled heart sounds, Jugular venous distention, hypotension
Your patient has chest pain, and their EKG demonstrates DIFFUSE ST-elevation. What is your most likely diagnosis?
Pericarditis
You have a child with a known diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. You appreciate a systolic murmur on examination. You then ask the patient to bear down. Do you expect the murmur to increase or decrease?
Increase. Valsalva decreases left ventricle pre-load. Memory trick: Think of a milk jug or pop bottle, when it is more empty and you shake it, its louder when it has not been open. The decrease in volume causes the murmur to become more noticeable
What lab do you need to monitor if they are on a statin? (Besides a lipid panel)
Liver enzyme (3 months after starting the medication, and then annually).
