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USMLE Cardiovascular > Cardiology Clue packet > Flashcards

Cardiology Clue packet Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What organs have resistance in series?

A

Liver and Kidneys

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2
Q

What organs have resistance in parallel?

A

all organs except the liver and kidney

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3
Q

what organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest

A

The heart

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4
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?

A

Muscle

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5
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after a meal?

A

The gut

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6
Q

What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?

A

Kidney

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7
Q

Where does a type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

ascending aorta, associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis

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8
Q

where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

descending aorta, associated with trauma and atherosclerosis

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9
Q

What layers does a true aortic aneurysm involve?

A

intima, media and adventitia

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10
Q

what layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve?

A

intima and media

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11
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

systolic - diasolic

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12
Q

what vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

aorta

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13
Q

what vessels have the most smooth muscle?

A

arterioles

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14
Q

what vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries

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15
Q

what vessel has the highest compliance?

A

aorta

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16
Q

what vessels have the highest capacitance?

A

veins and venules

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17
Q

what is your max heart rate?

A

220-age

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18
Q

what is stable angina?

A

pain on exertion, associated with atherosclerosis

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19
Q

what is unstable angina?

A

pain at rest or first event associated with transient clots

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20
Q

what is prinzmetal angina?

A

intermittent pain associated with coronary artery spasm at rest

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21
Q

what stain is used to see amyloidosis?

A

congo red (apple green birefringence)

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22
Q

what is hemochromatosis?

A

Iron deposition in organs leads to hyperpigmentation, arthritis, and DM

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23
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

pressure equalized in all 4 chambers, quiet precordium, no pulse or BP, kussmaul’s sign, pulses paradoxus

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24
Q

what is transudate?

A

effusion of mostly protein purulent bacteria,

hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE)

fibrinous (collagen vascular diseasem uremia, TB)

granulomatous ( non bacterial)

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25
Q

what is systole?

A

ventricles contract

decreased blood flow to coronary arteries increased O2 extraction

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26
Q

What is diastole?

A

ventricles relax and fill in blood flow to coronary arteries

  • decreased O2 extraction
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27
Q

what are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary and umbilical arteries

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28
Q

what murmur has a waterhammer pulse?

A

aortic regurgitation

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29
Q

what murmur has pulsus tardus ?

A

aortic stenosis

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30
Q

what cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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31
Q

what disease has pusus bigeminus?

A

IHHS

idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

32
Q

what murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse

A

A fib

33
Q

what murmur has a regularly irrecular pulse?

A

PVC = para-ventricular contractions

34
Q

what murmur radiates to the carotids?

A

aortic stenosis and aortic regug

35
Q

what murmur radiates to the axilla?

A

mitral regurgitation

36
Q

what murmur radiates to the back?

A

pulmonic stenosis

37
Q

what disease has a boot shaped X ray?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

38
Q

what disease has a banana shaped chest X ray?

A

idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

39
Q

what isease has an egg shaped X ray?

A

transposition of the great arteries

40
Q

what disease has a snowman shapped X ray?

A

total anomalous pulmonary venous return

41
Q

what disease has a 3 shaped X ray?

A

Aortic coarctation

42
Q

what is osler weber rendu?

A

arteriovenous malformation in lung, gut and CNS - sequester platelets leading to telangiectasias

43
Q

what is Von Hippel- Lindau?

A

arteriovenous malformation in the head and retina increasing risk of renal cell carcinoma

44
Q

what valves make noise at the start of systole?

A

atrioventricular valves

45
Q

what murmurs occur during systole?

A

holosystolic/pansystolic = MR, TR, VSD

46
Q

what valves make noise at the start of diastole?

A

A and P

47
Q

what are diastolic murmurs?

A

blowing = AR and PR

rumbling = MS and TS

48
Q

What is a continuous bruit?

A

patent ductus arteriosus

Ateriovenous malformation

49
Q

what has a friction rub while breathing?

A

pleuritis

50
Q

what has a friction rub while holding your breath?

A

pericarditis

51
Q

what does a mid-systolic click tell you?

A

mitral valve prolapse

52
Q

what does an ejection clic tell you?

A

Aortic stenosis or pulmonary stenosis

53
Q

what does an opening snap tell you?

A

Mitral stenosis or Tricuspid stenosis

54
Q

what does wide S2 splitting tell you?

A

increased O2

Increased right ventricular volume

delayed pulmonary valve opening

55
Q

what does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?

A

Atrio septal defect

56
Q

what does a paradoxical S2 split tell you?

A

Aortic stenosis or LBBB (left bundle branch block)

57
Q

what is cor pulmonale?

A

pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular failure

58
Q

what is eisenmengers?

A

pulmonary hypertension leading to a reversal of a LR shunt to a RL shunt

59
Q

what causes transposition of the great arteries?

A

failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

60
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

overriding aorta

Right ventricular hypertrophy

pulmonary stenosis

ventricularseptal defect

61
Q

what is truncus arteriosus ?

A

spiral membrane didn’t develop (neural crest origin) one A/P trunk (mixed blood)

62
Q

what is epstein’s anomaly?

A

tricuspid sits very low in the atria making a large right atria due to teratogenic effects of lithium

63
Q

what is cinchonism?

A

hearing loss

tinnitus

thrombocytopenia

64
Q

what are the cyanotic heart diseases?

A

transposition of the great arteries

tetralogy of fallot

truncus arteriosus

tricuspid atresia/aortic atresia/pulmonic atresia

total anomalous pulmonary venous return

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

epstein’s anomaly

65
Q

what causea a machine-like murmur?

A

arterovenous malofrmation

heart = patent ductus arteriosis

elbow = dialysis fistula

brain = Von Hippel- Lindau (AVM)

lungs = osler weber rendu

66
Q

what are the heart block clues?

A

pain with a normal heart rate, fever with a normal heart rate (should increase by 10 bpm for every decrease increased in temp)

67
Q

what ion is important for the P=Wave?

A

calcium

68
Q

what ion is important for the QRS complex?

A

sodium

69
Q

What ion is important for hte T-Wave?

A

potassium

70
Q

What ion is important for the U-Wave?

A

potassium

71
Q

What are the Most common non-cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular septal defect

atrial septal defect

patent ductus arteriosus

coarctation of the aorta

72
Q

What are the MI enzymes?

A

Troponin 1

CKMB

LDH

73
Q

what does troponin 1 appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears after 2 hours

peaks at 2 days

gone by 1 week

74
Q

when does CKMB appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears after 6 hours

peaks at 12 hours

gone in 2 days

75
Q

When does LDH appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears after 1 day

peaks at 2 days

gone at 3 days

76
Q
A

USMLE Cardiovascular (3 decks)

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