Cardiology Clue packet Flashcards
What organs have resistance in series?
Liver and Kidneys
What organs have resistance in parallel?
all organs except the liver and kidney
what organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest
The heart
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?
Muscle
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after a meal?
The gut
What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?
Kidney
Where does a type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?
ascending aorta, associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis
where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?
descending aorta, associated with trauma and atherosclerosis
What layers does a true aortic aneurysm involve?
intima, media and adventitia
what layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve?
intima and media
what is pulse pressure?
systolic - diasolic
what vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
aorta
what vessels have the most smooth muscle?
arterioles
what vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?
capillaries
what vessel has the highest compliance?
aorta
what vessels have the highest capacitance?
veins and venules
what is your max heart rate?
220-age
what is stable angina?
pain on exertion, associated with atherosclerosis
what is unstable angina?
pain at rest or first event associated with transient clots
what is prinzmetal angina?
intermittent pain associated with coronary artery spasm at rest
what stain is used to see amyloidosis?
congo red (apple green birefringence)
what is hemochromatosis?
Iron deposition in organs leads to hyperpigmentation, arthritis, and DM
What is cardiac tamponade?
pressure equalized in all 4 chambers, quiet precordium, no pulse or BP, kussmaul’s sign, pulses paradoxus
what is transudate?
effusion of mostly protein purulent bacteria,
hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE)
fibrinous (collagen vascular diseasem uremia, TB)
granulomatous ( non bacterial)
what is systole?
ventricles contract
decreased blood flow to coronary arteries increased O2 extraction
What is diastole?
ventricles relax and fill in blood flow to coronary arteries
- decreased O2 extraction
what are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary and umbilical arteries
what murmur has a waterhammer pulse?
aortic regurgitation
what murmur has pulsus tardus ?
aortic stenosis
what cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans?
dilated cardiomyopathy
what disease has pusus bigeminus?
IHHS
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
what murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse
A fib
what murmur has a regularly irrecular pulse?
PVC = para-ventricular contractions
what murmur radiates to the carotids?
aortic stenosis and aortic regug
what murmur radiates to the axilla?
mitral regurgitation
what murmur radiates to the back?
pulmonic stenosis
what disease has a boot shaped X ray?
right ventricular hypertrophy
what disease has a banana shaped chest X ray?
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
what isease has an egg shaped X ray?
transposition of the great arteries
what disease has a snowman shapped X ray?
total anomalous pulmonary venous return
what disease has a 3 shaped X ray?
Aortic coarctation
what is osler weber rendu?
arteriovenous malformation in lung, gut and CNS - sequester platelets leading to telangiectasias
what is Von Hippel- Lindau?
arteriovenous malformation in the head and retina increasing risk of renal cell carcinoma
what valves make noise at the start of systole?
atrioventricular valves
what murmurs occur during systole?
holosystolic/pansystolic = MR, TR, VSD
what valves make noise at the start of diastole?
A and P
what are diastolic murmurs?
blowing = AR and PR
rumbling = MS and TS
What is a continuous bruit?
patent ductus arteriosus
Ateriovenous malformation
what has a friction rub while breathing?
pleuritis
what has a friction rub while holding your breath?
pericarditis
what does a mid-systolic click tell you?
mitral valve prolapse
what does an ejection clic tell you?
Aortic stenosis or pulmonary stenosis
what does an opening snap tell you?
Mitral stenosis or Tricuspid stenosis
what does wide S2 splitting tell you?
increased O2
Increased right ventricular volume
delayed pulmonary valve opening
what does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
Atrio septal defect
what does a paradoxical S2 split tell you?
Aortic stenosis or LBBB (left bundle branch block)
what is cor pulmonale?
pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular failure
what is eisenmengers?
pulmonary hypertension leading to a reversal of a LR shunt to a RL shunt
what causes transposition of the great arteries?
failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
what is tetralogy of fallot?
overriding aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy
pulmonary stenosis
ventricularseptal defect
what is truncus arteriosus ?
spiral membrane didn’t develop (neural crest origin) one A/P trunk (mixed blood)
what is epstein’s anomaly?
tricuspid sits very low in the atria making a large right atria due to teratogenic effects of lithium
what is cinchonism?
hearing loss
tinnitus
thrombocytopenia
what are the cyanotic heart diseases?
transposition of the great arteries
tetralogy of fallot
truncus arteriosus
tricuspid atresia/aortic atresia/pulmonic atresia
total anomalous pulmonary venous return
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
epstein’s anomaly
what causea a machine-like murmur?
arterovenous malofrmation
heart = patent ductus arteriosis
elbow = dialysis fistula
brain = Von Hippel- Lindau (AVM)
lungs = osler weber rendu
what are the heart block clues?
pain with a normal heart rate, fever with a normal heart rate (should increase by 10 bpm for every decrease increased in temp)
what ion is important for the P=Wave?
calcium
what ion is important for the QRS complex?
sodium
What ion is important for hte T-Wave?
potassium
What ion is important for the U-Wave?
potassium
What are the Most common non-cyanotic congenital heart disease?
Ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
coarctation of the aorta
What are the MI enzymes?
Troponin 1
CKMB
LDH
what does troponin 1 appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears after 2 hours
peaks at 2 days
gone by 1 week
when does CKMB appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears after 6 hours
peaks at 12 hours
gone in 2 days
When does LDH appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears after 1 day
peaks at 2 days
gone at 3 days
