Cardiology Back Up Flashcards
Structural heart defects - Ventricular septal (shunt)
Tetralogy of fallot (shunts blue blood into systemic circulation - cyanosis)
Ventricular septal defect - Abnormal connection between two ventricles (hole), loud murmurs on auscultation, HF/endocarditis risk (dental hygiene advised)
Eisenmengers syndrome - Hole in heart, high pressure can cause pulmonary hptn cyanosis, clubbing (cyanosis is commonest cause of clubbing), HF/endocarditis risk
Structural heart defects - Atrial septal (shunt)
3 holes in the heart Atrial primum, secundum (commonest) sinus venosus
ASD clinical signs - Pulmonary flow murmur
Treatment - Surgical/percutaneous closure of ASD hole
Structural heart defects - AV septal (shunt)
Associated with Trisomy 21 Down’s syndrome
Malformed valves - instead of two separate AV valves there is one big malformed one
Shunting
Structural heart defects - Patent ductus arteriosus (shunt)
Failure of closure of this cardiovasculature after birth
Eisenmengers is a complication - blue toes (cyanosis, clubbing)
Treatment - percutaneous closure
Structural heart defects - Coarctation of aorta (obstruction)
Narrowing of aorta at site of insertion of ductus arteriosus
Tight stenosis and can lead to obstruction, hptn in head, neck and right arm
Signs - Hptn in arm, murmurs
Increased risk of strokes, haemorrhage, coronary artery disease
Treatment - surgical/percutaneous
Structural heart defects - Bicuspid AV (obstruction)
Normal AV has 3 cusps, bicuspid AV has 2
Degenerate quicker than normal valves
Turbulent murmurs
Become stenotic and regurgitate
Associated with coarctation and swelling of aorta
Structural heart defects - Pulmonary stenosis (obstruction)
Narrowing of outflow of right ventricle
Structural heart defects - Fontan procedure
Palliative surgical procedure used in children with complex congenital heart defects
