Cardiology and Reproduction Flashcards
What are the three levels of sexual determination
Chromosomal (XX or XY), Gonadal (SRY gene on Y chromosome coding for TDF), phenotypic (Males secrete anti-mullerian hormone and testosterone)
What gene gives a male their maleness
SRY- sex-determining region of Y
what does the SRY gene code for and what does the gene do
TDF- testis determining factor, promotes formation of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
What occurs in an intersex animal
the animal has the gonadal tissue of both sexes
What happens to form a Freemartin
there is one placenta that is shared by twins, one boy and one girl, and the female is exposed to the blood containing anti-mullerian hormone and testosterone resulting in a female that has a rudimentary uterus, seminal vesicles, and is infertile (chimeras often very common)
What occurs in Turner’s syndrome
A mare is missing an X chromosome (XO) so the ovaries are either hypoplastic or dysplastic and the tract is rudimentary
A male that has testes but has female tubing is like that because
he has an androgen insensitivity so he can’t respond appropriately to testosterone
What is chimera
one ovary and one testes, somatic cells with distinct chromosome constitutions from different individuals, XX/XY
What is inflammation of the ovary called
oophoritis
What is a parovarian cyst
a cyst often in horses that blocks the egg from reaching the oviduct, causes a physical “traffic” reproduction problem
What are the common cysts that cows get
folicular cysts and cystic corpus luteum
In horses what ovarian tumor is super common and is it malignant, what is a common clinical sign and why
granuloma cell tumors and they are usually benign, they may release testosterone so mares often act like stallions
What ovarian tumor is often malignant and how does it spread
adenocarcinoma and spreads via carcinomatosis
What are three ovarian developmental disorders
agenesis
hypoplasia
ovarian remnants
A dog you spayed last year comes to you because her owner says she is having discharge and bleeding from her vagina. You take a look and the dog seems to be in heat! What is going on?
The dog might have ovarian remnant syndrome, genetically she may have an extra ovary or part of one
What pathogen can cause oophoritis, reproductive disease, and gastrointestinal disease in cows and is transmitted vertically or horizontally
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV)
What happens in a cow with follicular cysts
the cow is in continuous estrus but fail to ovulate, this is a hormonal reproductive problem
What happens in a cow with a corpus luteum cyst
There is continuous anestrus, this is a hormonal reproductive problem
What are the most common animals to get ovarian tumors
the dog and the horse (and I think maybe chicken?)
give an example of an epithelial ovarian tumor and who commonly gets them
adenoma/adenocarcinoma, dogs
What type of ovarian tumor has endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm elements and is benign
a teratoma
What duct do male gonads form from? What about female gonads
Males from Wolffian and Females from Mullerian
What do the testes secrete to prevent female gonads from forming
Mullerian duct inhibitory sequence (aka anti-mullerian hormone?)
What three things can go wrong in the development of the uterus, vagina, and vulva
imperforate hymen (no vaginal opening), segmental aplasia (part of tubing is missing), failure of fusion of the caudal part of the tube which causes a double cervix
what are some causes of uterine prolapse
dystocia, estrogenic plants like soy, vascular damage, hypocalcemia
What is the pathogenesis of a dog in heat getting a pyometra
A dog in heat ovulates and the corpus luteum forms and makes progesterone and estrogen–> this primes the uterine lining to get more glandular–> glands can become cystic–> cystic endometrial hyperplasia which is a good environment for bacteria–> pus–> pyometra
A dog recently had a litter of puppies and now is presenting to your clinic with a hemoabdomen. What happened?
subinvolution of the placental sites- the trophoblasts aren’t expelled and keep growing–> grow through the uterus and it bled into the abdomen
which venereal disease causes ulcers and erosions on the vulva in horses
equine coital exanthema (herpes)
what type of tumor is often around the vulva of cows and is often from sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma
what causes contagious equine metritis and what are the symptoms
Taylorella equigenitalis- causes nonspecific postparturient endometritis, metritis, and vaginitis
what uterine tumor is common in chickens
adenocarcinomas
Commonly in third world countries dogs can be infected with a virus that is spread how and causes what
they can get transmissible venereal tumors via genital contact with other body parts (often other genitals or face)
what is the most common way to lose a fetus
early embryonic death from chromosomal abnormalities or not enough progesterone
what is the difference between mummified and macerated fetuses
macerated fetuses have bacteria that got in and turned them more into goo
what type of placenta do ruminants have
cotyledonary
what type of placenta do horses and pigs have
diffuse
what type of placenta do carnivores have
zonary
what type of placenta do humans and rodents have
discoid
what type of placentation do cows, pigs, and horses have
epitheliochorial
what type of placentation do dogs and cats have
endotheliochorial
what type of placentation do humans and rodents have
hemochorial
what placentation type/animals need colostrum the most
epitheliochorial so horses, cows, and pigs because there are more layers so less can get through
what is the difference between a stillborn fetus and an abortion
a stillborn fetus occurs close to term and is a fully formed fetus that could have been viable outside the uterus
an abortion can occur anytime since conception and is less likely to have been viable outside the uterus
name three placental structures that look like lesions but aren’t
cervical star in the horse, hippomanes in large animals, and amniotic plaques in large animals
how long until the placenta should be expelled in horses and cattle
no more than 2 hours in horses and within 12 hours for cattle
a retained placenta can be a perfect environment for what
metritis- animal is super sick
what is a major cause of still births
dystocia
how can you diagnose death due to dystocia
having a small dam and a big fetus
edema and congestion in the cervical area
How can you diagnose if the animal was born still birth
still has eponchia (slippers on)
the lung sinks in water (atelectasia)
What are four non-infectious causes of pregnancy failure
Plant toxicity (veratrum californicum), fetal malformation, hydramnios and hydroallantois (excessive accumulation of fluid in the amniotic and allantoic sacs), excessive twisting of umbilical cord in horses with twinning
How do viruses usually cause pregnancy loss vs. bacteria and fungi
Viruses are small enough so they often crosses the placenta and goes into the fetus- Infect fetus!, bacteria and fungi usually infect the placenta and impair communication between mom and the fetus- infect placenta!
(Notable exception of bacteria that infects fetus is Campylobacter fetus sp.)
What is the pathogenesis of placental inflammation leading to fetal death
Infection via hematogenous or ascending route—> placenta is infected —> microorganisms proliferate in placenta—> decreased gas and nutrient exchange between mother and fetus—> fetus dies of hypoxia
In cows often hematogenic spread and horses ascending spread with a floppy cervix
What are common viruses in cattle and horses that infect the fetus and cause death
Equine herpesvirus 1, Bovine herpesvirus 1, Equine Viral Arteriris
If there is an abortion what tissues are important to collect
Placenta and fetal stomach/abomasal fluid, liver, lung, kidney, and brain
What disease commonly causes white necrotic spots on the liver
Herpesvirus- 1
In sheep and goats what organisms commonly infect the placenta and bonus point for knowing the bacteria that can infect the fetus
Placenta- Chlamydia abortus, toxoplasma gondii, Q fever (Coxiella burnetti)
Fetus- Campylobacter
What does the acronym SMEDI stand for and what animals and infectious diseases does it usually pertain to
Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, Infertility pertains to pigs, Diseases- PRRS, Porcine Circovirus, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies
What are the two disorders of testicular development
Hypoplasia and cryptorchidism
What causes testicular degeneration and atrophy
Inflammation, infection, too much sex, high protein diet, old age, poor nutrition, and more
Because sperm are what they can cause granulomatous inflammation
Immunologically foreign
What causes orchitis/epididymitis commonly
Brucella (canis, ovis, etc.)
What are the three types of cells in the testicles and what do they do
Leydig (interstitial cells)- produce androgens like testosterone
Sertoli- provide support for the germ cells
Spermatogonia (germ cells)- mature into sperm
How do seminoma and leydig cell tumors differ
Seminona are of germ cell origin and are more diffuse in the testicle and leydig are interstitial cell tumors that are more localized and can secrete androgens
What can happen with a leydig cell tumor
They can secrete androgens and cause perinatal gland hyperplasia and neoplasia and prostatic hyperplasia
What can happen with a Sertoli cell tumor
There is feminization syndrome due to the tumor producing estrogen- atrophy of testes and penis, squamous metaplasia of prostate, anemia, attractive to other males
How can you usually get a prostatic cyst to go away
Neuter the animal
What hormone causes hyperplasia of the prostate and which causes metaplasia
Testosterone causes hyperplasia and estrogen can cause metaplasia
What are the three types of cardiomyopathies and what do they look like
hypertrophic- thickened ventricular walls with decreased chamber volume
dilated- increased chamber volume and thin ventricular walls
restrictive- fibrosis restricts the capacity of the ventricle to expand and contract
What type of cardiomyopathies do dogs have
dilated- boxer cardiomyopathy, grain free DCM, large breed (genetic) DCM
What is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats
hypertrophic
What causes DCM in cats
taurine deficiency
What does dilated cardiomyopathy lead to
leaky valves
What are some peripheral adjustments the body makes for insufficient cardiac output
vasoconstriction, polycythemia (increase RBCs), and decreased blood volume (increase gloumerular filtration but often counteracted by aldosterone)
Cardiac adjustments for insufficient cardiac output
increase heart rate and myocardial hypertrophy for chronic cases
What is eccentric hypertrophy and what usually causes it
volume overload hypertrophy- the volume of the heart increases/ expanded chambers/ increase chamber size- usually too much blood getting to the heart because of a septal defect or valvular insufficiency
What is concentric hypertrophy and what causes it
pressure overload hypertrophy- the ventricular wall gets thicker- usually because of pulmonary hypertension or aortic stenosis
what does right heart failure result in
hepatic congestion and edema, ascites
what does left heart failure result in
pulmonary congestion and edema
name the four pericardial types of effusions
hydropericardium, hemopericardium, fibrinous pericarditis, purulent pericarditis
A form of endocardial mineralization known as white muscle disease is caused by what
vitamin E/selenium deficiency
What looks like smooth, nodular thickenings of the valve leaflets and is the most common myocardial lesion in dogs (and most common cause of mitral systolic murmurs in dogs)
valvular endocardiosis
What can result on the endocardium when valvular endocardiosis causes turbulent blood flow
jet lesions, also predisposition for thrombosis
What is it called when heart valves are inflamed and what can cause it
endocarditis, caused by trauma, infection, irritants (toxins), or parasites
what three changes can occur when there is valvular stenosis
systolic murmur, dilation of vessel distal to narrowing (poststenotic dilation), and concentric ventricular hypertrophy
what is a ventricular septal defect
the septum that operates the two ventricles is not fully formed so blood can backflow from the left to the right ventricle, but once there is hypertrophy of the right ventricle the flow will shift from right to left resulting in cyanosis
What happens in Boxer cardiomyopathy
the myofibers progressively get replaced by fat
In a cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy what will the heart muscles look like microscopically
disarray- all going in different directions
what happens with a patent ductus arteriosis
There is a patent ductus arteriosis causing blood to be shunted from aorta to the pulmonary artery–> overloads the pulmonary vessels–> right concentric hypertrophy–> also increased volume overload to left side causing left eccentric hypertrophy–> too much pulmonary artery pressure and the blood switches to a right to left direction causing cyanosis
What happens with a tetralogy of fallot
there are four defects- ventricular septal defect, aorta that overrides the defect, pulmonary stenosis (obstruction of right ventricle outflow, compensatory hypertrophy of right ventricle
What happens with a persistent right aortic arch
a vascular ring anomaly- the esophagus and trachea are entrapped in a ring containing the right aortic arch, pulmonary artery, and ligamentum arteriosum - constricts the esophagus
