Cardiology

Question 1

Pericardium

Answer 1

A tri-layer sac consisting of tough outer fibrous layer and thin inner serous layer. Protecting the heart from infection and is resistant to distention. Prevents acute dilation of heart chambers and restrains the left ventricle.

Question 2

Epicardium

Answer 2

The inner serous layer of the pericardium consisting of visceral and parietal layer covering the entire heart and great vessels.

Question 3

Pericardial cavity

Answer 3

A cavity between the visceral and parietal layers. Contains 30-50ml of serous fluid acting as a lubricant minimizing friction as the heart contracts and relaxes.

Question 4

Myocardium

Answer 4

Muscular portion of heart: Atria & Ventricles

Question 5

Cardiac muscle cells require ______ for contraction

Answer 5

Calcium

Question 6

Important proteins that regulate actin-myosin binding in the heart

Answer 6

Tropomyosin & Troponin complex (Troponin T, I, C).

Question 7

The measurement of serum levels of cardiac forms of _____ are used In the diagnosis of a MI

Answer 7

Troponin T & I

Question 8

Cardiac muscle relies heavily on the influx of extracellular _____ ___ for contraction

Answer 8

Calcium Ions

Question 9

Cardiac Glycoside

Answer 9

Digoxin: Inotropic drugs increasing cardiac contractility increasing free calcium concentration within the vicinity of actin & myosin filaments

Question 10

Endocardium

Answer 10

Thin three layered membrane lining the heart. Inner consists of smooth epithelial supported by connective tissue. Endothelial lining is continuous with the vessels that enter and leave the heart. Middle layer consists of dense connective tissue with elastic fibers. Outer layer irregularly arranged connective tissues.

Question 11

Atrioventricular (AV)

Answer 11

Tricuspid & Mitral

Question 12

Semilunar valves prevent what

Answer 12

Pulmonary & Aortic Prevent backflow from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during diastole

Question 13

AV valves (Tricuspid & Mitral) Prevent what

Answer 13

Backflow of blood from ventricles to atria during systole

Question 14

Thin edges of AV valves form which cusps

Answer 14

Bicuspid-Mitral (Left) & Tricuspid- (Right)

Question 15

Due to atrial sites having no valves, Jugular vein distention may become present during severe ______

Answer 15

Right sided heart failure due to blood back up

Question 16

The closure of the Tricuspid and Mitral valves during signaling onset of systole signify which heart sound

Answer 16

S1

Question 17

Snapping shut of the Aortic and Pulmonic valves signify which heart sound

Answer 17

S2

Question 18

The rapid filling period of the ventricle during diastole when audible signifies which heart sound

Answer 18

S3 (Better auscultated with the bell at the apex)-(Ventricular gallop)

Question 19

Rarely heard heart sound beginning before S1

Answer 19

S4 (Auscultated with the bell at the apex)-(Atrial gallop) Low frequency heart sound immediately prior to S1

Question 20

Normal ejection fraction percentage

Answer 20

55 - 75%