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401 1st Exam > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are risk factors of heart disease

A
  1. genetic predisposition
  2. stress
  3. oral contraceptives, menopause HRT
  4. homocysteine elevated levels
  5. male > 45. female >55
  6. alcohol
  7. HTN
  8. Stress
  9. diabetes
  10. diet and exercise
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2
Q

what is the widow-maker

A

L main occlusion before the L coronary artery breaks off into the descending and occlusion.

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3
Q

whats the chemoreceptors:

A

chemoreceptors:
baroreceptors:

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4
Q

whats the frank starlings law?

A

great stretch the better contraction till no point of return.

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5
Q

whats preload?

whats after load?

A

preload: venous return volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
after load: LV has to meet the resistance

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6
Q

Vascular systems assessment:

auscultation

A
  1. assess for carotid bruit
  2. buit is a blowing/swishing sound, it indicates turbulence of blood flow
  3. auscultation of carotid:
  4. neck in neutral position
  5. bell of stethoscope over carotid artery at 3 levels:
  6. angle of jaw
  7. midcervical area
  8. base of the neck
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7
Q

how to estimate a JVP

A
  1. hold a vertical ruler on a sternal angle
  2. align a straight edge on the ruler like a T- square and adjust the level of the horizontal straight edge to the level of pulsation
  3. read the level of intersection.
    (normal is 2cm or less)
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8
Q

a split s1 is?

A

normal, indicates you are hearing mitral and tricuspid components separately, audible in the tricuspid valve

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9
Q

whats s3?

A

occurs immediately after S2 when the AV value opens during pre-diastole. conditions that cause resistance to ventricular filling create S3.

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10
Q

whats S4?

A

occurs at the end of diastole during pre-systole.

conditions that cause resistance to ventricle filling also create s4 sound

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11
Q

conditions causing murmurs includes: 3 things

A
  1. increases in blood flow velocity
  2. decrease in blood viscosity
  3. structural defects of the valves or unusual opening in the heart chambers
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12
Q

what are the 4 properties of cardiac cells?

A
  1. Automatcity: ability of pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source
  2. excitability (irritability): ability of cardiac muscle cells to respond to an outside stimulus
  3. conductivity: ability of a cardiac cell to receive an electrical stimulus and conduct that impulse to an adjacent cardiac cell
  4. contractility: ability of cardiac cells to shorten, causing cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus.
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13
Q

refactoriness:

A

the period of recovery that cells need after being discharged before they are able to respond to a stimulus

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14
Q

absolute refractory period:

A

cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter how strong the stimulus

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15
Q

relative refractory period:

A

cardiac cells can be stimulated to depolarize if the stimulus is strong enough

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16
Q

supernormal period:

A

weaker than normal stimulus can cause cardiac cells to depolarize

17
Q

conduction blocks: partial + complete

A

partial: slowed - all impulses are conducted but it takes longer than normal to do so.
intermittent- some impulses are conducted
complete: no impulses are conducted through the affected area

18
Q

R wave

A

the first positive, upward deflection following the P wave. always positive

19
Q

S wave

A

a negative waveform following the R wave. always negative

R and S waves represent depolarization of the right and left ventricles

20
Q

U wave

A

represents depolarization of the Purkinje fibres in the papillary muscle of the ventricular myocardium.
normally small, round and symmetric.
mostly seen when the heart rate is slow.
when seen, generally tallest in leads v2 & v3
usually appear in the same direction as the T wave that precedes it.

21
Q

PR segment

A

horizontal line between end of P wave and beginning of QRS complex.
normally isometric

22
Q

ST segment

A

portion of the ECG tracing between QRS complex and T wave. represents early part of depolarization of right and left ventricles

23
Q

PR interval: P wave + PR segment.

A

PR interval reflects depolarization of the R and left atria (P wave) & spread of the impulse through the AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches and the Purkinje fibres (PR segments)

24
Q

Abnormal PR interval

A

Long PR interval - indicates the impulse was delayed as it passed through the atria, AV node, or AV bundle
Short PR interval= may be seen when the impulse originates in the atria close to the AV node or in the AV bundle.

25
Q

QT interval

A

portion of the ECG tracing from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.

26
Q

R-R interval

A

used to determine ventricular rate and regularity

27
Q

P-P interval

A

used to determine atrial rate and regularity

28
Q

artifact

A

distortion of an ECG tracing by electrical activity that is non cardiac in origin. can mimic various cardiac dysrhythmias,, including ventricular fibrillation. patient evaluation essential before initiating any medical intervention

29
Q

artifact causes:

A

loose electrodes, broken egg cables or broken wires, muscle tremor, patient movement, external chest compressions, 60- cycle interference

30
Q

systematic rhythm itnerpretation

A

assess rhythmicity (atrial and ventricular)
assess rate (atrial and ventricular)
identify and examine waveforms
identify and examine waveforms
assess intervals (PR, QRS and QT and examine ST segments)
interpret te rhythm (and assess clinical significance)

31
Q

assessing rhythmicity

A

compare R-R intervals (ventricular) + atrial (P-P intervals)

32
Q

Identify and examine waveforms

A

QRS: are qrs complexes present? if so does a qrs follow each p wave? do the qrs complexes look alike?
T waves: does a T wave follow each QRS complex? does a P wave follow the T wave? are the t waves upright and normal height?
are u waves present?

33
Q

how do you do a MAP

A

2xdiastolic + systolic/ 3

the average level of blood pressure

34
Q

pulse pressure:

A

diastolic - systolic. (determined by stroke volume and compliance (flexibility of arteries)

35
Q

the apex of the heart is formed by the

A

tip of the L ventricle

36
Q

which side of the heart is a low pressure system that pumps blood to the lungs

A

right

37
Q

the blood flows from the R atrium through the

A

tricuspid valve into the R ventricle

401 1st Exam (3 decks)

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