Cardiology

Question 1

What are the factors that are required to maintain adequate pressure for the CV system?

Answer 1

1. A functioning pump, sufficient volume and vascular resistance
2. most complication are due to electrical or contractile function of heart muscle, fluid load, vascular resistance

Question 2

A. What is shock?
B. what is the presentation?
C. what studies are needed?
D. what is the treatment?

Answer 2

A. severe CV failure due to poor blood flow leading to poor perfusion 
B. presentation
-hypotension, cool clammy skin
-orthostatic changes
-tachy, sweating, AMS
C. studies
-CBC, type and cross
-CMB
-blood gases 
-EKG
D. treatment
-ABC, IVF 
-treat cause 
-monitor urine output

Question 3

A. what is postural/orthostatic hypotension?
B. what is the presentation?
C. what studies?
D. what treatment?

Answer 3

A. Drop in SBP > 20 or DBP > 10 between supine and and sitting/standing
B. presentation
-old: falls, syncope
-if hypotensive + increase pulse > 15 ppm = depleting circulating blood volume
-if no changes in pulse = meds, central autonomic nervous system (parkinson, ect.) or peripheral neuropathies
C. studies
-CBC, BMP, glucose, EKG
D. tx
-treat the cause

Question 4

What are the blood pressure ranges?

Answer 4

A. 160/ > 100 = stage 2

E. > 220/ > 125 = emergency

Question 5

What are diagnostic studies that can be done for HTN?

Answer 5

A. EKG, chest x-ray: hypertrophy
B. elevated BUN,Cr, glucose, urine glucose, urine sediment: renal dz, DM
C. elevated lipid: atherosclerosis

Question 6

A. what is the blood pressure goal for treating HTN?

B. Non-RX treatment?

Answer 6

A.

Question 7

What is the first line treatment for HTN?

Answer 7

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