Cardiology

Question 1

What might a midline sternotomy scar indicate?

Answer 1

CABG
Open mitral valvotomy or valve replacement
Aortic valve surgery
Mediastinal surgery

Question 2

What might a left lateral thoracotomy or inframammary scar indicate?

Answer 2

Closed mitral valvotomy

Question 3

Predicting valve abnormalities before auscultation: mitral stenosis

Answer 3

Normal pulse/AF
Normal pulse pressure
Undisplaced apex

Question 4

Predicting valve abnormalities before auscultation: aortic regurgitation

Answer 4

Large volume/bounding pulse
Wide pulse pressure
Displaced apex

Question 5

Predicting valve abnormalities before auscultation: aortic stenosis

Answer 5

Small volume pulse
Narrow pulse pressure
Undisplaced apex

Question 6

Predicting valve abnormalities before auscultation: mitral regurgitation

Answer 6

Normal volume
Wide/normal pulse pressure
Displaced apex

Question 7

Causes of a loud S1

Answer 7

Tachycardia
Short PR interval
Mitral stenosis with a pliable valve
Tricuspid stenosis
Increased flow in high output states

Question 8

Causes of a soft S1

Answer 8

Bradycardia
Long PR interval
Mitral stenosis with a non-pliable valve
Tricuspid regurgitation
Poor chest wall conduction

Question 9

Causes of a variable S1

Answer 9

AF
Ventricular ectopic beats
Complete heart block