Cardiology

Question 1

What is Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

Answer 1

The inability to provide adequate blood supply to the myocardium, normally caused by atherosclerosis

Question 2

Which conditions are included in IHD?

Answer 2

Chronic coronary syndrome (stable angina)
Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI)

Question 3

What are the main types of angina?

Answer 3

Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal’s angina
Decubitus angina

Question 4

What is decubitus angina?

Answer 4

Induced when lying down

Question 5

What is Prinzmetal’s angina?

Answer 5

Caused by coronary vasospasm not atherogenesis
ST elevation is seen on ECG
Seen in cocaine use

Question 6

What is unstable angina?

Answer 6

Central crushing chest pain at rest or with a crescendo pattern or new onset angina

Question 7

What is the aetiology of unstable angina?

Answer 7

Usually atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture
- hyperlipidaemia
- hypertension
- smoking
- poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus

Question 8

What are the risk factors for unstable angina?

Answer 8

Age over 65
Male
FHx of premature coronary heart disease
South Asian or Afro-Carribean
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic syndrome
Hypertension
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Cocaine use

Question 9

What is the pathophysiology of unstable angina?

Answer 9

Atherosclerotic plaque formation
Plaque rupture
Causes platelet activation -> thrombosis
Thrombus partially occludes coronary artery
Ischaemia
Infarction