Cardiology Flashcards
Pathophysiological Causes of ACS?
1) Plaque rupture - underlies most STEMIs, plaque is rich in platelets and fibrin
2) Plaque erosion
3) Coronary spasm
4) Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
5) MI with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA)
6) Calcium nodules
Beck’s Triad
- Hypotension
- Distension of jugular veins
- Muffled heart sounds
Examples of PCSK9 inhibitors
Alirocumab
Evolocumab
Effect of Amiodarone on Warfarin, Digoxin and Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus?
Increase INR, Increase Digoxin effect, Increase cyclosporine and tacrolimus levels
Gene responsible for approx 30% of Brugada syndrome?
SCN5A
What is a delta wave?
Upsloping segment of the PR segment, representing abnormal early conduction from the atria to the ventricles through an accessory pathway
Most common voltage criteria for LVH?
S wave depth in V1 + R wave in V5 or V6 greater than or equal to 35mm
Causes of Aortic Stenosis
- Calcific (80%)
- Rheumatic (10%)
- Infective endocarditis
- Congenital
Echo features of severe Aortic Stenosis
- Valve area < 1.0 sq cm
- Mean gradient > 40mmHg
- Maximum jet velocity > 4.0 m/s
Criteria for Severe Aortic Regurgitation
- AR jet width > 65% LVOT
- Pressure half time < 200msec
- Leaflet morphology
- Descending aortic flow reversal
Criteria for severe mitral stenosis
- Mean gradient across mitral valve > 10mmHg
- Valve area < 1.5 sq cm
- Pulmonary artery systolic pressure > 50mmHg
Criteria for severe mitral regurgitation
- Vena contracta width > 7mm
- PISA radius > 1cm
- Regurgitant volume > 60mls
ECG Features of Complete Heart Block
Regular R-R and P-P intervals. More P waves than QRS complexes
What are the 4 features of tetralogy of fallot?
- VSD
- RV hypertrophy
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Overriding aorta
Causes of fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound?
- Atrial septal defect
- Right heart failure
- Pulmonary hypertension
