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Circulatory > Cardio-Vascular System > Flashcards

Cardio-Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardio-vascular system?

A

To transport essential foodstuffs eg, oxygen, water, enzymes and hormones to the cells of the body.

To remove the waste products that are produced by cell metabolism to the excretory organs.

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2
Q

What are the components of the CV System?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the CV System?

A

Systemic
Pulmonary
Coronary
Portal

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4
Q

What is the Systemic circulation?

A

It deals with the passage of blood around the body.

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5
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation?

A

It deals with the passage of blood through the lungs.

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6
Q

What is the Coronary circulation?

A

It deals with the supple of blood to the heart muscle itself.

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7
Q

What is the Hepatic Portal circulation?

A

It deals with the supply of blood to and from the liver.

It is a branch of the systemic circulation.

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8
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

It is a system of vessels similar to the capillaries and works with the main circulatory system.
It also assists in the removal of waste from body tissue, and the transportation of nutrients, and fighting infection.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the heart?

A

The heart is a hollow cone-shaped muscular organ.

It is the size of the owners clenched fist in an average adult.

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10
Q

Location of the heart?

A

It is situated within the thoracic cavity.
It lies in the mediastinum (middle of chest) behind the sternum, in front of the spine, between the lungs and above the diaphragm.

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11
Q

What are the 2 sections of the heart?

A

Base (top of heart) Behind the sternum in the midline and extends to the 2nd rib.
Apex (bottom of heart) Approx 9cm to the left of the midline, in the mid-clavicular line at the 5th intercostal space.

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall called?

A

Pericardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (muscle/middle layer)
Endocardium (inner layer)

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13
Q

What does the pericardium layer do?

A

Supports and protects the heart.

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium layer called?

A

Pericardium (outer parietal layer)

Epicardium (inner visceral layer)

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15
Q

What is in between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium layer?

A

Potential space with a thin film of serous fluid in it.

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16
Q

What does myocardium mean?

A

The heart muscle.

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17
Q

Where is the myocardium layer?

A

It is the middle layer and forms the biggest part of the heart wall, being thickest in the ventricles.

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18
Q

What is the endocardium layer?

A

Thin membrane of endothelial cells lining the inside of the heart wall and is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels.

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19
Q

What does automaticity mean?

A

The ability to generate its own electric currant. So the heart can beat independently of its environment.

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20
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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21
Q

What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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22
Q

What is the valve called between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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23
Q

What is the inter-atria septum?

A

A dividing wall of tissue which separates the right and left atria

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24
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

A dividing wall of tissue which separates the right and left ventricles.

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25
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

Pulmonary
Aortic
Tricuspid
Bicuspid (Mitral)

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26
Q

What is the electrical conduction system?

A

Specialised cardiac cells that produce electrical impulses to cause the heart to contract.

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27
Q

What are the specialised cells that are built into the wall of the heart?

A 
Sing-Arial node (SA) - natural pace maker, produces electrical impulse to contract the atria. 
Atrio-Ventricular node (AV) -  gate keeper, produces electrical impulse to contract the ventricles via the bundle of his into the 
Left and Right bundle branches which continue into the 
Conduction pathways (purkinje fibres)
28
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electro cardio gram

29
Q

What is the isoelectric line on an ECG?

A

It is the straight line through an ECG.

30
Q

What is the P Wave on an ECG?

A

It is the representation firing of the SA Node and contraction of the atrium.

31
Q

What Is the QRS Complex on an ECG?

A

It is the representation firing of the AV Node and contraction of the ventricles.

32
Q

What is the T Wave on an ECG?

A

It is the complete relaxation of the atrium and ventricles which is called Repolarisation.
Basically the pause before the process starts again.

33
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

0.1 sec Atrial Systole
0.3 sec Ventricular Systole
0.4 sec Diastole
So 0.8 sec in all for the cardiac cycle which is 1 heart beat.

34
Q

What is the definition for blood pressure?

A

This is the force or pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels by the blood.
This pressure is higher in the arteries than in the veins.

35
Q

What is Systole?

A

It’s the left ventricle contracting through the aorta valve into the aorta
Systolic = Left Ventricle

36
Q

What is Diastole?

A

This is the rest period of the heart between the systole contractions
Diastolic = resting

37
Q

What is the normal blood pressure of an average adult?

A

Systolic 120
= _____
Diastolic 80

38
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

This is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

39
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A 
Stroke volume(sv)   x   Heart rate(hr) 
= Cardiac output(co)
40
Q

What are the 2 components of the nervous control?

A

Sympathetic - speeds up heart rate

Parasympathetic - slows down heart rate

41
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent regarding nerves?

A 
Afferent = from the organ to the brain
Efferent = from the brain to the organ
42
Q

Name 5 arteries where you can take a pulse?

A 
Temporal - head
Carotid - neck
Brachial - crease of arm
Radial - wrist
Dorsalis pedis - foot
43
Q

What is the normal heart rate for an adult?

A

60-100 bpm

44
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a 6-12 year old?

A

100-120 bpm

45
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a 1-5 year old?

A

120-140 bpm

46
Q

What is the heart rate for 1 month-1 year old?

A

140-160 bpm

47
Q

What are the factors that increase heart rate?

A 
Position
Age/sex
Exercise
Cardiac/medical conditions
Shock and blood loss
Drugs/chemicals
48
Q

What are the factors that decrease heart rate?

A 
Age
General health
Vagal stimulation
Cardiac conditions
Medical conditions
Drugs
49
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

This is a slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm

50
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

This is a rapid/fast heart rate of more than 100 bpm

51
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
52
Q

What are the 3 layers of all blood vessels?

A 
Tunica adventitia (outer fibrous shealth)
Tunica media (middle layer of muscle and elastic fibre)
Tunica intima (smooth inner lining of endothelium)
53
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

They carry blood away from the heart.

54
Q

What is the function of arterioles and venules?

A

They dilate or contract to control the blood flow into and out of the capillary bed.

55
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

They allow for the interchange of gases and transfer of nutrients and waste products.

56
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

They carry blood back to the heart, and some have valves to prevent back-flow of blood.

57
Q

What is venous return

A

It is the effective return of blood to the heart via the veins.

58
Q

What are the 4 factors that assist in venous return?

A

Position of the body - laying flat
Muscular contraction - walking about (circulation)
Respiratory movements - ribs up and out, diaphragm flattens makes negative pressure which in turn sucks deoxygenated blood back up the body to the heart.
Suction of the heart.

59
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Carry nutrients and water
Carry waste products
Protects body from infection
Sealing of wounds (clotting)
Distributes the secretion of glands
Distributes heat
60
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Liquid - plasma
55%

Solid - erythrocytes (red blood cells) carries oxygen
- leucocytes (white blood cells) protector
- thrombocytes (platelets) clotting
45%

61
Q

What is plasma mostly made of?

A

Water - 90%

62
Q

What are erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A 
Minute, disc-shaped bodies, concave on both sides
Produced in the bone marrow
No nucleus
Contains a protein called haemoglobin
Great affinity (attraction) for oxygen
5 million per cubic mm approx
Survives around 120 days
63
Q

What are leucocytes (white blood cells)?

A 
Larger than red blood cells
Has a nucleus
Transparent in colour
Produced in red bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph glands
Some are able to move
8000 per cubic mm
3 main types
64
Q

What are thrombocytes (platelets)?

A 
Smaller than red blood cells
No nucleus
Produced in bone marrow
Survive between 8-11 days
Important role in the control of bleeding and the clotting process
65
Q

What is the blood type for a universal donor?

66
Q

What is the blood type for a universal recipient?

67
Q

What are the 4 stages of blood clotting?

A
  1. Damaged platelets release the enzyme Thrombokinase around site of injury.
  2. Thrombokinase, calcium salts and prothrombokinase (plasma protein) all combined to form an activating enzyme called Thrombin.
  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (plasma protein) into fibrin threads.
  4. Fibrin threads entrap blood cells and bind them to the tissues to form a clot.

Circulatory (9 decks)

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