Cardio Review Flashcards by Laney Gammons

when is mannitol used

in the ER to reduce intracranial pressure in a more monitored way

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the best diuretic to use

furosemide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the five types of diuretic

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
loop
thiazide
potassium-sparing
osmotic diuretics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do loop diuretics work

works in the kidney
SIGNIFICANTLY blocks reabsorption of sodium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do thiazide diuretics work

mildly blocks reabsorption of sodium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do potassium sparing diuretics work

works in the kidney to manipulate sodium and potassium change
keeps potassium in the body
can also block aldosterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do ACEI work

blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to II
elevates bradykinin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do ARBs work

blocks the binding of angiotensin II to vascular receptors
reduced renal blood flow and reduces risk of renal injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do alpha blockers work

decrease systemic vascular resistance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do selective beta blockers work (B1)

decrease cardiac output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do nonselective beta blockers work (B2)

decrease cardiac output
decrease systemic vascular resistance
decreases renin –> angiotensin II –> aldosterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the selective beta blockers

atenolol
metoprolol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the non selective beta blockers

carvedilol
labetalol
propranolol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the two types of calcium channel blockers

dihydropyridines
non-dihydropyridines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do dihydropyridines work

inhibit calcium ion influx into vascular smooth muscle and myocardium
mainly affect arterial vascular smooth muscle and LOWER BP THROUGH VASODILATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do non-dihydropyridines work

inhibit calcium ion influx into vascular smooth muscle and myocardium
mainly affect arterial vascular smooth muscle and LOWER BP THROUGH VASODILATION
also work in the heart muscle causing decreased heart contractility, rate, and conduction –> significant anti-arithmetic properties

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the dihydropyridines

amlodipine
nicardipine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the non-dihydropyridines

diltiazem
verapamil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do centrally acting adrenergic agents work

block sympathetic activity in the brain
decreases systemic vascular resistance and cardiac input

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the two centrally acting adrenergic agents

clonidine
methyldopa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a chronotrope

impacts heart rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an inotrope

impacts contractility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a dromotrope

impacts speed of conduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the most frequent side effect when using a loop diuretic and how is it fixed

hypokalemia
use with a potassium-sparing diuretic like spironolactone or triamterene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when is furosemide used

primarily edeme hypertension acute pulmonary edema hypercalciemia

what is the BBW for furosemide

fluid and electrolyte depletion

when is spironolactone used for

edematous conditions for patients that have: CHF cirrhosis + edema nephrotic syndrome essential hypertension severe heart failure

when is spironolactone advised to not be used

pregnancy and patients with Addison's disease

when is hydrochlorothiazide used

hypertension peripheral edema

what is the 1st line treatment for HTN in an african american patient

hydrothiazide

what are the two first line treatments for HTN in african americans

HCTZ then calcium channel blockers

what is the risk about prescribing a HCTZ in a pregnant women

placental tear

when is triamterene used

peripheral edema hypertension

what is the BBW for using triamterene

hyperkalemia -- need to monitor BUN/Cr and electrolytes

what are the common side effects when prescribing an ACEI

cough and angioedema

what medication can you switch someone to if they have a cough/angioedema on an ACEI

ARB

what medication is the initial treatment for patients with HTN with type 1 diabetes

ACEI -- lisinopril, captopril

what is the first line treatment for HTN with patients with kidney disease REGARDLESS of race

ACE or ARB

why do patients get a dry cough/angioedema while taking an ACEI

elevation of bradykinin

what medications for HTN are nephroprotective for CKD and diabetic patients

ACEI

when is lisinopril used for

hypertension congestive heart failure myocardial infarction

what is the BBW for ACE and ARBs

could cause severe hypotension

when is captopril used

hypertension congestive heart failure myocardial infarction

what is the BBW for captopril

fetal toxicity

what are the side effects for captopril

C - cough A - angioedema P - T - O - P - R - I - L -

when is losartan used

hypertension diabetic nephropathy stroke prevention if someone cannot tolerate a ACEI

what are the four alpha blockers

prazosin terazosin doxazosin tamsulosin

where do the selective alpha blockers work most in

vascular smooth muscle bladder neck prostate gland

when is prazosin used

HTN BPH PTSD, nightmares

what medications should you not use with alpha blockers

PDE5 inhibitors; may cause profound hypotension

when is terazosin used for

hypertension and BPH simultaneously

when is tamsulosin used for

BPH and nephrolithiasis

what alpha blocker should you not use to treat HTN

tamsulosin

how do beta blockers work

binding NE and Epi to these receptors; inhibiting normal sympathetic effects

relative contraindications for the use of BB

asthma and COPD cocaine use diabetes hyperthyroidism bradycardia or heart block

what is an absolute contraindication for the use of a BB

bradycardia or heart block

what are the generation 1 beta blockers

propanolol timolol

what are the generation 2 beta blockers

atenolol metoprolol

what are the generation 3 non selective beta blockers

carvedilol labetalol

when is labetalol used for

hypertension and hypertensive emergency

when is carvedilol used for

hypertension CHF cardiovascular event prevention, post-MI

when is metoprolol used for

hypertension angina CHF migraine headache prophylaxis

when is propranolol used

hypertension angina cardiovascular event a fib SVT migraine headache

what is the BBW for BB

do not use with 2nd and 3rd degree heart block

when is amlodipine used for

hypertension coronary artery disease vasospastic angina AMLODIPINE FOR ANGINA

when is diltiazem used

hypertension angina PSVT atrial fibrillation/flutter IV infusion for heart rate control in Afib

when is verapamil used

hypertension angina PSVT conversion atrial fibrillation/flutter migraine prophylaxis consider for cocaine abusers

when is methyldopa used

moderate-severe hypertension in pregnant women

what class of medication is nitroprusside used

hypertensive crisis hypotension induction, controlled CHF, acute post resuscitation stabilization NITROPRESSDOWN

when is adensone used for

PSVT slows down the heart ACLS, tachycardia ADENO-SINE GIVES YOU A NORMAL SINE WAVE

when is atropine used

ACLS, bradycardia neuromuscular blockade reversal adjunct atropine gives you a kick in the ass

when is amiodarone used for

ACLS, VF/pulseless VT ACLS, wide complex tachycardia

what are the amiodorone toxicities

B - bradycardia/blue man syndrome I - intersitial lung disease T - thyroid C - corneal/cutaneous H - hepatic/hypotension

when shouldn't you use amiodorone

when you don't know how long someone has been in Afib because of the spontenous conversion into sinus rhythm -- blood clots

what is the first line ACLS medication given when someone is in cardiac arrest

epinephrine

when is digoxin used

CHF atrial fibrillation PSVT conversion

what is digoxin toxicity

NVD weakness/dizziness symptoms of arrhythmia AMS vision changes atrial tachycardia

when is procainamide used

wide ventricular tachycardia life threatening ventricular arrhythmias GIVE PROCAINAMIDE IF THEY DIED

when is vasopressin given

vasodilatory shock

when is dobutamine given

cardiac decompensation cardiac output maitenance

when is norepinephrine given

acute hypotension first-line pressor in septic shock

what are vasopressors

dobutamine norepinephrine vassopressin

when is sodium bicarbonate used

metabolic acidosis urinary alkinalization salicylate overdose

when is cilostazol used

intermittent claudication

when is topical nitroglycerin given

angina prophylaxis (PRN)

when is sublingual nitroglycerin used

stable angina acute angina angina prophylaxis

what are the dosing instructions for nitrates

take one dose repeat every 5 minutes up to 3 times

what is the treatment for prinzmetal angina

nitroglycerin and calcium channel blocker (amlodipine)

when is DHA EPA acid given

severe hypertriglyceridemia

what are the cholesterol lowering therapies

statins bile acid resins

what are the triglyceride lowering therapies

fibrates niacin

when is atorvastatin used

hypercholesterolemia cardiovascular prevention atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

what statin has the fewest side effects

pravastatin

what statin lowers LDL the most

rosuvastatin

what cholesterol medications are contraindicated in pregancy

statins

what cholesterol medications are safe in pregnancy

fibrates zetia

when is fenofibrate used

hypercholesterolemia mixed dyslipidemia

what are the serious reactions when taking fibrates and statins

rhabdomylosis

what is an abnormal reaction when prescribing gemfibrozil

cholelithiasis acute appendicitis

what is the cholesterol absorption inhibitor

ezetimibe (zetia)

how do bile acid sequestrates work

binds bile acids in the intestine to reduced LDL

when is cholestyramine used

hypercholesterolemia

what is a common side effect with bile acid sequestrants

constipation

when is colesevelam used

hypercholesterolemia DM type 2

when is niacin used

hypercholesterolemia hypertriglyceridemia CAD

what is a common reaction with niacin and how do you prevent it

flushing take a 325mg aspirin

what medication causes eructations

DHA EPA acid (Lovasa)