Cardio/Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards
Coronary Artery Disease
Artherosclerotic disease process that narrows the lumen of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia to the myocardium
Involves a spectrum of clinical entities ranging from angina to infartion to sudden cardiac death
Risk Factors
Nonmodifiable: heredity, gender, age
Modifiable: cholesterol lvls, cigarette smoking, inactive lifestyle, b/p
Contributory: diabetes, stress, obesity
Angina Pectoris
Ischemia characterized by mild to mod substernal chest pain/discomfort most commonly felt as pressure or dull ache in the chest and left arm; usually lasts <20min
Brought on by increased demands on the heart (exertion, emotional upsets, smoking, extreme temps, overeating, tachyarrhytmias) and vasospasm
Myocardial Infarction
Prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of an area of the myocardium caused by occlusion of 1+ more coronary arteries
Signs/Symptoms Severe substernal pain >20min Dyspnea, rapid respiration, sob Indigestion, vomiting, nausea Pain misinterpreted as indigestion Pain unrelieved by rest and/or sublingual nitroglycerin
Heart Failure
Heart is unable to meet the needs of the body
Left-sided (CHF): blood is not adequately pumped into the systemic circulation. Symptoms: Dyspnea Cough, rales, wheezing Weakness, fatigue Tachycardia Chest
Right-sided: blood is not adequately returned from the systemic circulation to the heart: Symptoms:
Peripheral edema: wt gain, edema, venous stasis
Nausea, anorexia
Change in heart sounds
Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Chronic, occlusive arterial disease of med and large vessels; associated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia
Early Stages
Pan described as burning, searing, aching, tightness, or cramping. Occurs regularly and predictably with walking and is relieved with rest
Late Stages
Patients exhibit rest pain, muscle atrophy, trophic changes (hair loss, skin/nail changes)
Buerger’s Disease
Chronic inflammatory vascular occlusive disease of the small arteries and veins; most common in young males who smoke
Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, cold extremities, diminished temp sensation, fatigue; risk of ulceration and gangrene
Diabetic Angiopathy
inappropriate elevation of blood glucose lvls and accelerated artherosclerosis; ulcers may lead to gangrene and amputations
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
episodic spasm of small arteries and arterioles; abnormal vasoconstriction reflex exacerbated by exposure to cold or emotional stress; fingertips develop pallor, cyanosis, numbness and tingling; affects largely females
Varicose Veins
distended, swollen superficial veins; tortuous in appearance; may lead to varicose ulcers
Superficial Vein Thrombophlebitis
clot formation and acute inflammation in a superficial vein; localized pain
Deep Vein Thrombosis DVT
Inflammation of a vein in association with the formation of a thrombosis; usually occurs in the LE
Associated with bed rest, lack of leg exercise, hyperactivity of blood coagulation and vascular trauma
Symptoms: may be asymptomatic early; progressive inflammation with tenderness; change in LE temp, color, appearance, or tenderness/pain
Lymphedema
Chronic disorder with excessive accumulation if fluid due to obstruction of lymphatics; causes swelling of soft tissues of LE/UE
Primary: congenital condition with abnormal lymph node or vessel formation
Secondary: acquired, due to injury of one or more parts of the lymphatic system
Bacterial Pneumonia
An infection acquired in the community or in a host with a underlying chronic condition, acute illness, or recent antibiotic therapy
Viral Pneumonia
An inflammatory process caused by viral agents
Aspiration Pneumonia
aspirated material causes an acute inflammatory reaction within the lungs
