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Cardiovascular Physiology > Cardio Physiology - Fundamentals > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology - Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the autonomic innervations of Arterioles

A
  1. Activation of Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in arterioles of skin and other vascular beds result in constriction
  2. Activation of Beta-2 adrenergic receptors found on skeletal muscles result in dilatation.
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2
Q

Vascular Resistance is altered by what?

A

Sympathetic nervous activity and vasoactive substances. This result in a modified “sympathetic tone” to blood vessels which may increase or decrease resistance thereby modifying blood flow.

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3
Q

What is the Compliance Equation?

A

Compliance = Volume / Pressure

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4
Q

What are the consequences of decreased venous compliance?

A

Decreased capacitance and blood shift to the arterial side of the circulation.

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5
Q

What are the consequences of increased venous compliance?

A

Increased venous compliance and blood shift to the venous side of circulation.

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6
Q

What would increased sympathetic tone do to compliance?

A

Smooth muscle contraction, reducing the “capacitance” or decreasing compliance.

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7
Q

What do “vaso active” substances do?

A

Nitroglycerin can increase “capacitance” or increase compliance.

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8
Q

Where is blood flow fastest?

A

Large arteries

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9
Q

Where is blood flow slowest?

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

What is the greatest factor effecting resistance in a vessel?

A

Radius. Increase the radius and decrease the resistance.

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11
Q

Cardiac mur-mur and aortic stenosis do what to blood flow?

A

Increase blood flow. Both create non-laminar flow.

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12
Q

Pulse Pressure Equation

A

Systolic - Diastolic pressure

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13
Q

MAP Equation

A

Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

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14
Q

Pressure in Aorta?

A

100

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15
Q

Pressure in large arteries?

A

100

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16
Q

Pressure in arterioles?

A

50

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17
Q

Pressure in systemic capillaries?

A

20

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18
Q

Pressure in Vena Cava?

A

4

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19
Q

Pressure in right atrium?

A

0-2

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20
Q

Pressure in pulmonary artery?

A

15 (sys-25 & dia-8)

21
Q

Pressure in venous capillaries?

A

10

22
Q

Pressure in pulmonary vein?

A

8

23
Q

Pressure in left atrium?

A

2-5

24
Q

What happens in S-2 and what id the order?

A

Aorta closes just before Pulmonic

25
Q

What happens in S-1?

A

Mitral and Tricuspid valves close.

AV-valves

26
Q

Sequence of normal electrical conduction in heart?

A

SA node, Inter-nodal Tracts (rapid), AV node (slow), Bundle of His (rapid), Right/Left bundle branches (rapid), Purkinje (rapid), Ventricles

27
Q

What is a positive chronotropic effect?

A

Increased heart rate (through Beta-1 sympathetic stimulation)

28
Q

What is a negative chronotropic effect?

A

Decreased heart rate (through parasympathetic stimulation)

29
Q

SA Node intrinsic rate?

A

70-80

30
Q

AV Node intrinsic rate?

A

40-60

31
Q

Bundle of His intrinsic rate?

A

40

32
Q

Purkinje fibers intrinsic rate?

A

15-20

33
Q

When would the “other” pacemakers (AV etc.) take over?

A

Vagal tone and “heart block”

34
Q

Magnitude of tension developed by myocardial cells is proportional to what?

A

Proportional to intracellular Ca++ concentration.

35
Q

What does a faster heart rate do to myocardial muscle tension?

A

Increase because there is more cytoplasmic Ca++ at faster heart rates.

36
Q

What does a Positive Inotrope do?

A

Increase “contractility”

37
Q

What does a Negative Inotrope do?

A

Decrease “contractility”

38
Q

Example of Positive Inotrope

A

Sympathetic stimulation by epinephrine and sympathomimetics. Stimulate Beta-1 at both Atria and Ventricles.

39
Q

Example of Negative Inotrope

A

Parasympathetic stimulation can decrease Atria Contractility
Sympatholytic drugs such as “Beta Blockers”.
Direct myocardial depression with “Ca++ Channel Blockers”

40
Q

What is the “Positive Staircase Effect”?

A

Increases in heart rate produce an increase in contractility, because greater amount of free Ca++ in the ICF.

41
Q

FORCE of ventricular contraction is a function of what?

A

End diastolic length of cardiac muscle.

42
Q

What is After Load?

A

Aortic Pressure. What the heart has to pump against in order to eject blood.

43
Q

What is Ejection Fraction?

A

The percent of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, that is ejected with a single beat.

44
Q

What can cause SA node arrest?

A

A burst of Parasympathetic Tone.

45
Q

How much stroke volume does the Atria contribute?

A

20%

46
Q

Cardiac Work Equation

A

Work = Stroke Volume x Aortic Pressure

47
Q

What is a common cause of Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

Hypertension

48
Q

What happens to pressure generation in Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

Less pressure as the chamber walls get bigger.

49
Q

How to treat Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

Treat HTN,
Decrease contractility with Beta-Blockers, Ca++ channel blockers,
Other, see notes…

Cardiovascular Physiology (1 decks)

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