Cardio Overall

Question 1

What is RAAS?

Answer 1

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone system, increases salt & water retention, increasing ECFV

Question 2

What is ADH?

Answer 2

Antidiuretic hormone, increases water reabsorption, increasing ECFV

Question 3

What are NPs?

Answer 3

Natriruetic peptides, causes water and salt excretion, opposes RAAS, decreasing ECFV

Question 4

How do you treat unstable Angina/NSTEMI?

Answer 4

Aspirin, Fondaparinux, Ticagrelor

Question 5

How do you treat IHD?

Answer 5

Lipid lowering drugs (statins eg fluvastatin, fibrates eg fenofibrate and Ezetimibe)

Beta-blockers eg Propranolol and metoprolol

Ca channel blockers eg amlodipine (can cause ankle oedema)

Antiplatelets eg aspirin and clopidogrel

Coronary revascularisation – Angioplasty and CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

Question 6

How do you treat Chronic Heart failure?

Answer 6

ACEI if cough, ARB.
Spironolactone
Beta blocker

Question 7

How do you teat Hypercholesterolaemia?

Answer 7

Statins (eg fluvastatin)
Fibrates,
Ezetimibe

Question 8

How do you treat Hypertension?

Answer 8

<55 and not black use ACEI. 55+/black = CCB

Not black: + CCB. Black: + ARB

+ Thiazide Diuretic

+ Extra Diuretic depending on serum K levels

Question 9

How do you treat acute MI?

Answer 9

MONA+C:
Morphine + metoclopramide
O2
Nitroglycerine
Aspirin 300mg
Clopidogrel 600mg

Question 10

How do you treat Acute heart failure?

Answer 10

LMNOP:
Lasix (Furosemide)
Morphine
Nitrate
O2 if <90%
Position - upright

Question 11

How can Acute heart failure present?

Answer 11

Oedema
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
3rd Heart sound

Question 12

What are the 3 main coronary arteries?

Answer 12

LAD, Right marginal and Circumflex

Question 13

What is the first branch of the aorta?

Answer 13

The coronary arteries

Question 14

What is the route of Heart conduction?

Answer 14

SAN (made of pacemaker cells)-> atria and AVN -> Purkinje fibres -> right and left fibres

Question 15

What is S1?

Answer 15

1st Heart sound, Tricuspid and Mitral valves closing

Question 16

What is S2?

Answer 16

2nd Heart sound, Aortic and Pulmonary valves closing

Question 17

What is S3?

Answer 17

Early passive filling against taut LV. Abnormal in elder cardio patients, due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, refer for echocardiography.

Question 18

What is S4?

Answer 18

4th heart sound, late active filling against taut LV. Indicates hypertension and AS, refer for ECG

Question 19

What is the name for a high pitched ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotids?

Answer 19

Aortic stenosis

Question 20

What is the name of a murmur that is high pitched and pan-systolic?

Answer 20

Mitral regurgitation

Question 21

What is the name of a murmur that is early diastolic soft rumbling?

Answer 21

Aortic regurgitation

Question 22

What is the name of a murmur that is mid diastolic and low pitched?

Answer 22

Mitral stenosis

Question 23

What’s the ECG Axis if Lead I and aVF are positive?

Answer 23

Normal

Question 24

What’s the ECG Axis if Lead I is positive and Lead aVF is negative?

Answer 24

LAD

Question 25

What's the ECG Axis if Lead I is negative and Lead aVF is positive?

Answer 25

RAD

Question 26

What's the ECG Axis if Lead I and Lead aVF are both negative?

Answer 26

Extreme Axis Deviation

Question 27

What's the normal PR interval?

Answer 27

0.12-0.2 secs

Question 28

What's the normal QRS complex duration?

Answer 28

≤ 0.12

Question 29

What does a prolonged PR interval mean?

Answer 29

1st degree Heart block

Question 30

What does it mean if the PR intervals get increasingly longer and eventually drop?

Answer 30

2nd degree heart block, mobitz I

Question 31

What heart block involves a skipped beat?

Answer 31

2nd degree heart block, mobitz II

Question 32

What heart block involves no relationship between the P and Q waves?

Answer 32

Third degree/complete heart block

Question 33

What view of the heart is represented by leads V2-5?

Answer 33

Anterior

Question 34

What view of the heart is represented by leads V1-3?

Answer 34

Anteroseptal

Question 35

What view of the heart is represented by leads V4-6, I & aVL?

Answer 35

Anterolateral

Question 36

What view of the heart is represented by leads II, III, aVF?

Answer 36

inferior

Question 37

What view of the heart is represented by leads V1 & V2?

Answer 37

Posterior

Question 38

Is ventricular tachycardia shockable?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Is Ventricular Fibrilllation shockable?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What's an example and mechanism of ACEI?

Answer 40

Ramirpil, Blocks angiotensin

Question 41

What view of the heart is represented by leads I, V5 & V6?

Answer 41

Lateral

Question 42

If Leads V3 and V4 have ST elevation, what coronary artery is most likely affected?

Answer 42

LAD