Cardio MCQs

Question 1

Heart Failure is a chronic condition interspersed with acute episodes that can require
hospitalisation and finally cardiac transplantation or supportive/palliative care. The
pathophysiology of heart failure is such that the symptoms of altered filling pressures,
autonomic adaption and fluid retention develop often over a 2-3 week period before the crisis
that precipitates hospitalisation. In this regard, CardioMEMS is a predictive intervention that
involves what?

Answer 1

A pressure transducer placed in the pulmonary artery that feeds data in real time to their clinician

Question 2

There are a number of changes that can be seen in an ECG trace that occur in association with
disruption of perfusion of the cardiac tissue. What is ST segment elevation a sign of?

Answer 2

an area of ischaemia has developed less than an hour ago

Question 3

When is the best time to initiate hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to protect against
cardiovascular disease?

Answer 3

within the first 10 years of menopause

Question 4

After an acute ischaemic (lack of blood flow) myocardial infarct (heart attack), the reflow of
the blood to the infarcted area allows the heart to repair but causes a burst of reactive oxygen
species in the heart tissue. The main cellular sources of reactive oxygen species in the injured
heart after reflow of blood are:

Answer 4

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 5

What is heart failure

Answer 5

It is a chronic, progressive condition that involves alterations in cardiac structure/function
and systemic changes

Question 6

What happens in vascular conductance with age?

Answer 6

reduced vascular conductance in response to increased noradrenaline

Question 7

What measurements is derived from tissue doppler of the mitral annulus?

Answer 7

E’/A’ ratio