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Physiology > Cardio Intro > Flashcards

Cardio Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Heart weight is approximately

A

0.5% of total body weight

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2
Q

The Heart receives what % of total cardiac output?

A

5%

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3
Q

•Heart beats approximately how many times a day?

A

100,000/day

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4
Q

•Heart pumps approximately how many of liters of blood a day?

A

7,200 L/day

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5
Q

•By age 70 the heart pumps how many gallons and beats how many times?

A

45-50 million gallons

beats 2.5-3 billion times

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6
Q

What % of ppl die from coronary heart disease?

A

48.2%

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7
Q

What % of ppl die from stroke?

A

16.4%

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8
Q

What % of ppl die from heart failure?

A

4.3%

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9
Q

What % of ppl die from High BP?

A

8%

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10
Q

What % of ppl die from disease of arteries?

A

3.4%

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11
Q

What % of ppl die from other heart diseases?

A

16.7%

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12
Q

Right Heart -

A

It is a volume pump, that delivers high volumes of blood at low pressures

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13
Q

Pulmonary Vessels -

A

Function in blood: Gas exchange and serve as volume reservoirs.

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14
Q

Left Heart -

A

Pressure Pump; the energy source of the circulatory system

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15
Q

Elastic Arteries (aorta, etc.) -

A

Their elastic behavior allows them to serve as a “surge pump”. Energy is stored in the elastic fibers during the contraction phase (systole) and is released during the relaxation phase (diastole).

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16
Q

Muscular Arteries -

A

Function as low resistance conduits that rapidly pump blood to the tissues

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17
Q

Arterioles -

A

Collectively termed “resistance vessels”; serve as variable resistors that regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds.

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18
Q

Capillaries -

A

Once cell layer separates blood from tissue space; site of nutrient and waste exchange

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19
Q

Venous Vessels -

A

Serve as a volume reservoir; these vessels function in both the storage and mobilization of blood

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20
Q

The Cardiovascular System is made up of what 2 Circulations?

A

Pulmonary Circulation - blood flow thru the lungs

Systemic Circulation - blood flow thru all the organs of the body EXCEPT the lungs

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21
Q

List the Valves of the Heart.

A

Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Pulmonic Valve
Aortic Valve

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22
Q

What causes the variation in heart wall thickness?

A

Chamber pressure

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23
Q

Describe the Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure Technique.

A

A deflated balloon at the tip of the catheter is inserted into the pulmonary artery. Upon balloon inflation, it blocks the artery and the blood pressure is recorded as blood from the LEFT Atrium presses against the inflated balloon.

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24
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2) -

A

Is produced by Endothelial cells to RELAX smooth muscle cells

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25
Q

Endothelial Derived Relaxating Factor (EDFR) -

A

Is produced by Endothelials cells to DILATE/RELAX smooth muscle cells.

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26
Q

Endothelin -

A

It is a potent vasoconstrictor produced by Endothelial cells

27
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme -

A

Converts Angiotensin I —–> Angiotensin II, to CONTRACT smooth muscle cells

28
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node -

A

Is a pacemaker cells that beats at 60-100 times/min

29
Q

Atrial Internodal Pathways -

A

It is the pathway in which the electrical pulses of the SA node and AV node travel in the heart

30
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node -

A

It is a pacemaker cell with a firing rate of 40-55 beats/min

31
Q

Common Bundle of His -

A

It takes the Electrical impulses of the AV node and conducts it down to the Right and Left bundle branches, towards the apex of the heart

32
Q

Purkinje Fibers -

A

Provide electrical conduction to the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced interval .

33
Q

Where do the Cardiac Sympathetic Fibers anatomically start?

A

They start from the “intermediolateral” Cell column of the spinal cord (T1-T5) vertebrae section.

34
Q

Sympathetic: Preganglionic Fibers -

A
  1. They can ascend to the stellate, superior or middle cervical ganglion to synapse OR. 2. Synapse at their origin at Paravetebral ganglia
35
Q

Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers -

A

Are distributed to the cardiac chambers as an Epicardial Plexus

36
Q

What is the function of Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers that are distributed to the RIGHT?

A

The Fibers effect the Heart Rate (SA node)

37
Q

What is the function of Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers that are distributed to the LEFT?

A

The Fibers effect Contractility of the heart

38
Q

What controls/ mediates the Sympathetic Fibers of the heart?

A

Beta Adrenergic Receptors

39
Q

Parasympathetic: Preganglionic Fibers -

A

Are contained in the Vagus Nerve and synapse with the postganglionic fibers in the heart.

40
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous system?

A

It reduces force of contraction and heart rate.

41
Q

Right Vagus -

A

Innervates (supply w/ nerves) the sinoatrial SA node

42
Q

Left Vagus -

A

Innervates (supply w/ nerves) the Atrioventricular (AV) node

43
Q

What is the primary site for vascular resistance?

A

Arterioles

44
Q

In what location of the heart is blood flow velocity the fastest? Slowest?

A

Fastest: Root of the Aorta
Slowest: Capillaries

45
Q

What is the cardiac output of blood during moderate exercise?

46
Q

What method is used as an indirect measure for the left atrial pressure?

A

The Pulmonary Capillary Wedge method

47
Q

What is the pressure of the right atrium?

48
Q

What is the pressure of the Right ventricle? (Systolic and Diastolic)

A

Systolic: 25 mmHg
Diastolic: 4 mmHg

49
Q

What are the pressures of the Pulmonary Artery? (Systolic, Diastolic, Mean)

A

Systolic: 25 mmHg
Diastolic: 9 mmHg
Mean: 15 mmHg

50
Q

What is the pressures of the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge?

51
Q

What is the pressure of the Left Atrium?

52
Q

What is the Systolic pressure of the Left ventricle?

53
Q

What cellular functions occur in Endothelial cells in the presence of ACh and/or Thrombin?

A

NO- is released; releasing cGMP; causing smooth muscle relaxation

54
Q

What happens when Endothelial Cells become stretched?

A

EDCF2 is released –> PGI2, –> cAMP –> causing Smooth Muscle Relaxation

55
Q

What is the function of Angiontensin Converting Enzyme?

A

It converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II, causing Contraction of Smooth Muscle Cells

56
Q

What age group receives the greatest amount of heart transplants?

A

Ages 50-65

57
Q

Pericardium -

A

It is a sac filled with serous fluid that lubricates the outside of the heart.

58
Q

Cardiac Tampinade -

A

It is a collection of fluid in the pericardial sac, causing compression of the heart.

59
Q

Papillary Muscles -

A

Are bound to Chordae Tendeneae, and they contract to pull the valve leaflets closed during systole.

60
Q

What are the some possible causes of a heart murmur?

A

A ruptured Chordae Tendeneae or a damaged papillary muscle

61
Q

At rest, the heart pumps what % of its blood volume?

A

It pumps 65% of its blood volume at Rest

62
Q

List the layers of the pericardium and the heart.

A

Pericardium: Fibrous Pericardium, Serous Peri. (Parietal Layer)
Heart: Epicardium, Myocardium (muscle), Endocardium

63
Q

What hormone causes a decrease in heart muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

64
Q

What hormone(s) cause an increase in heart muscle contraction?

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

Physiology (9 decks)

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