Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block 2 SD3 > Cardio Illa Block 2 > Flashcards

Cardio Illa Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Acute Rhematic Fever progress?

A

Over decades it progresses to Chronic Rhematic Heart Disease then Stroke, HF and Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs of Acute Rheumatic Fever?

A

Migratory polyarthritis, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema, marginatum and chorea dancelike movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you prevent Acute Rheumatic Fever from progressing into Chronic Rhematic Fever?

A

Prophylactics antibiotics to prevent reoccurrences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you treat Acute Rheumatic Fever?

A

Antibiotics, Aspirin, Corticosteroids for carditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some predisposing factors for Infective Endocarditis?

A

congenital heart defects, rheumatic valvular disease, bicuspid or calcific aortic valves, MVP, HCM, prior endocarditis, and or a prosthetic valve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does Infective endocarditis affect the body?

A

Systemic immune phenomena (eg, glomerulonephritis) and septic emboli, lungs (with right sided endocarditis), kidneys, spleen, CNS, skin, and retina (with left-sided endocarditis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical features of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Clinical- Janeway lesions, Roth’s spots, Osler’s nodes, Clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you diagnose Infective Endocarditis?

A

Blood culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who is most likely to at risk with Infective Endocarditis?

A

IV drug abuse- Tricuspid regurgitation following endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical features of Aortic Stenosis?

A

Senile calcification, Congenital bicuspid aortic valve , Rheumatic fever
‘SAD’ : Syncope, Angina, Dyspnea
“Pulsus parvus et tardus”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of murmur would you hear for AS and where would you hear it?

A

Harsh systolic ejection murmur, high-pitched, crescendo-decrescendo (diamond shaped), mid-systolic, aortic listening post, radiating to carotids; S4 heart sound, reverse splitting S2
↓Murmur intensity with ↓preload; ↑murmur intensity with ↑preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the lab presentation with Aortic Stenosis?

A

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, schistocytes, hemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How would you diagnose Aortic Stenosis?

A

Echo- Concentric LVH, LV pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would you treat Aortic Stenosis?

A

Trt- Balloon valvotomy, Valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two most common causes of Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Most common Idiopathic dilation of the aortic root
Acute Infective Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can Aortic Regurgitation progress into in the developing countries?

A

Developing countries Chronic RHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some clinical signs of Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Wide pulse pressure Water-hammer, Corrigan, Becker, Muller, Qunicke, deMusset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would the murmur sound like in Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Early diastolic decrescendo murmur best heard with the diaphragm along the left sternal border. Lean pt. forward with breath held in full expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the murmur heard in Aortic Regurgitation?

A

; S3, S4, Austin Flint murmur at apex: Anteriormitral valveleaflet hit by rapid regurgitant flow into the LV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How would you diagnose Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Echo- Dilated left ventricle, left atrium, LV volume and pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the common cause of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Rhematic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Dyspnea, Hemoptysis, Dysphagia, hoarseness of voice, Malar flush, LA enlargement
Lt. atrial thrombi , A-fib, Systemic emboli, Pulm HTN → RVH → RHF. Left ventricle spared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What would the murmur sound like in Mitral Stenosis?

A

Auscultation- OS, early to mid-diastolic rumble, low-pitched, decrescendo-crescendo. Apex, left lateral decubitus, bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Balloon valvotomy, RF prophylaxis, beta blockers, CCB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the most common cause of Mitral Valve Prolapse?
Mitral regurgitation
26
Who is most likely to have Mitral valve prolapse?
Female>male, lean pts, Marfan syndrome, Ischemia
27
What are some clinical features of Mitral Valve Prolapse?
Myxomatous Degeneration
28
What would the murmur sound like in Mitral Valve Prolapse?
Mid-systolic clicks. A late systolic murmur if MR present. Click moves closer to S1 on standing, moves away from S1 on squatting.
29
What are some complications of Mitral Valve Prolapse?
Complications: Infective endocarditis, MR, sometimes with chordal rupture, Stroke
30
How do you diagnose Mitral Valve Prolapse and what is the tx?
Diagnosis: Echo Treatment: β-blockers, valve repair/replacement surgery
31
What is the most common cause of Mitral Regurgitation?
Most common cause – Mitral valve prolapse 2nd common: rupture/dysfunction of papillary muscle, Annular dilation, Infective endocarditis
32
What are the clinical features of Mitral Regurgitation?
Acute:  dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, edema , cardiogenic shock Chronic: DOE and fatigue, Palpitations, atrial fibrillation, LA and LV volume overload, palpitation
33
What would the murmur sound like in Mitral Regurgitation?
Murmur- Blowing, pansystolic, heard best over the apex (diaphragm) radiates to the axilla, Midsystolic click + late systolic murmur  MVP
34
What is the tx for Mitral Regurgitation?
Valve replacement, Vasodilators, diuretics
35
What is the Tx for Aortic Regurgitation?
Hydralazine, Nifedipine, valve replacement
36
What causes a Dilated Heart?
Systolic Dysfunction, hypokinetic ventricle and Low CO
37
What causes Hypertrophy?
Diastolic dysfunction and outflow obstruction , hypertrophy ventricles, mitral systolic anterior motion, asymmetric, normal to low CO
38
What cause restriction of the heart?
Diastolic dysfunction, cavity obliteration, normal to low CO
39
What are the right to left shunts?
5 T's Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel) (associated with DiGeorge) Transposition of the great vessels (2 vessels are switched)  Tricuspid atresia (3 = tri)  Tetralogy of Fallot (4 = tetra)  Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR = 5 letters) (pulmonary oxygen vein emptied in the RA) Exam question Pulmonary atresia Ebstein anomaly
40
What are the left to right shunts?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)  Atrial septal defect (ASD)  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 
41
What er the obstructive congenital heart anomalies?
Pulmonary stenosis Aortic stenosis Aortic coarctation
42
What happens in ASD?
Left to right shunt Small -close spontaneously, but larger ones do not, causing right atrial and ventricular overload and ultimately PAH, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, and RVH and RA; supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation Paradoxical embolization
43
What type of murmur would you hear in ASD?
Paradoxical embolization Grade 2 to 3/6 midsystolic murmur and a widely split, fixed S2, can travel to the brain
44
When would you hear the ASD murmur?
Moderate to large ASDs should be closed, typically between ages 2 yr and 6 yr, using a transcatheter device when possible. Most common noticed later in life around 30 years
45
Who will most likely have VSD?
VSD, more common in trisomy 21, 13 Over time- PAH, elevated pulmonary artery vascular resistance, RVH, which ultimately cause shunt direction to reverse, leading to Eisenmenger syndrome (shunt reversal). Larger defects cause symptoms of heart failure at age 4 to 6 wk.
46
What would the murmur for VSD sound like?
Grade 3 to 4/6 holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border.
47
What are the clinical features of PDA?
Premature infants may have respiratory distress or other serious complications (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis). Large shunt  left heart enlargementpulmonary artery hypertension  Eisenmenger syndrome, Differential Cyanosis if untreated
48
What will the murmur sound like in PDA?
Left to right shunt, Continuous murmur, “machinery-sounding” quality.
49
How do you keep the shunt opened and closed for PDA?
Hypoxia and prostaglandin (progesterone) and Indomethacin to close it
50
What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?
Associated with VDD (shunt reversal) patients will present with hypoxia, clubbing of fingers and toes, secondary polycythemia
51
When would you see Tetralogy of Fallot?
At birth or first few weeks of life, Right to left shunt. Boot shape appearance, Hyper cyanotic spells (TET) the baby will start crying then will turn blue (cyanosis)
52
What would relieve the cyanosis with Teratology of Fallot?
Older childen- h/o squatting while playing to relieve cyanosis. Severe cyanosis: infusion of prostaglandin E1 to open the ductus arteriosus. Place infant in the knee-chest position and give oxygen; sometimes, opioids (morphine or fentanyl), volume expansion, sodium bicarbonate, beta-blockers (propranolol or esmolol),
53
What are the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary valve stenosis RVH, an Overriding aorta, and VSD – (PROVe).
54
What are the clinical features of Teratology of Fallot?
Severely affected neonates -marked cyanosis, dyspnea with feeding, poor weight gain, and a harsh grade 3 to 5/6 systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border (due to pulmonary stenosis) Repair surgically at 2 to 6 mo or earlier if symptoms are severe.- Closure of the VSD with a patch and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.
55
What is Truncus arteriosus?
Single large vessel associated with Di George syndrome
56
What is tricuspid atresia?
No tricuspid valve and Tx is prostaglandin
57
What is Total anomalous pulmonary venous return?
Pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation, ASD & PDA with a snowman appearance. Tx is prostaglandin
58
What is Ebstein Anomaly?
Tricuspid regurgitation, associated with exposure to lithium and tx with prostaglandin E1
59
What is Coarctation of the Aorta?
Localized narrowing of the lumen, typically in the proximal thoracic aorta just beyond the left subclavian artery and before the opening of the ductus arteriosus. Pressure overload proximal to the coarctation heart failure, berry aneurysm Hypoperfusion distal to the coarctation.
60
What would you see in Coarctation of the Aorta?
BP gradient between upper and lower extremities, grade 2 to 3/6 ejection systolic murmur, sometimes most prominent in the left interscapular area. CXR- Rib notching, figure of 3
61
What are the clinical features of Pericarditis?
Inflammation Abrupt/ Insidious chest pain: Sharp, Aggravated by supine posture, coughing, deep breathing = positional, pleuritic, Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward Fever, tachycardia, and pericardial friction rub- heard better on leaning forward Usually elevated ST segments, Concave upwards in most leads, PR depressions ECG and echo are usually adequate. CT, or MRI for constrictive pericarditis.
62
What is the tx for pericarditis?
Trt- NSAIDs and/or colchicine; corticosteroids.
63
Name the 4 clinical features of Cardiac Tamponade?
Beck’s triad- hypotension, muffled heart sounds, JVD Pulsus Paradoxus ECG: Electrical Alternans Pericardiocentesis
64
What is Cardiac Tamponade?
Massive fluid collection to the extent that it leads to decrease Cardiac output and may cause Shock and death
65
What is Constrictive Pericarditis?
Marked inflammatory, fibrotic thickening of the pericardium leading to systemic venous congestion without myocardial dysfunction
66
What are the clinical features of Constrictive Pericarditis?
Pericardial Knock, Kussmaul’s sign Pericardiectomy
67
What is the most common clinical feature in Aortic Dissection?
HT and connective tissue disorders
68
How do you diagnose Aortic Dissection?
TEE
69
What is an Aortic Aneurysm?
Abnormal dilations of thoracic or abdominal aorta caused by weakening of the arterial wall.
70
What are the common causes of Aortic Aneurysms?
Common causes include HTN, atherosclerosis, infection, trauma, and or connective tissue disorders.
71
What is Peripheral arterial disease?
Intermittent claudication (pain in legs while walking a few distance) Rest pain ischemic ulcers (often at toes), dependent rubor (dusky red color in one limb) Chronic PAD will also have thinning hair
72
What are the common causes of Peripheral arterial disease?
Atherosclerosis, common in men, HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking, tobacco
73
What are some clinical signs of Peripheral arterial disease?
Almost always in the lower (distal and toes) extremities, cold, blue color, wet or dry gangrene, ulcers, Low ankle brachial index
74
What is the tx for PAD?
rivaroxaban, pentoxifylline, or cilostazol
75
What is Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO)?
Inflammatory thrombosis, whole vessels, if the patient i a smokers, Claudication ischemic ulceration and gangrene
76
Who will most likely have Thromboangiitis obliterans: TAO and what is the cure?
Almost exclusively in Asian male smokers aged 20 to 40, smoking cessation
77
What is a DVT?
Obstruction and insufficiently, clotting of blood in a deep vein, common in lower extremities Complication: Pulmonary embolism, the femoral, popliteal veins, posterior tibial and peroneal veins
78
How do you diagnose and treat a DVT?
D-dimer testing, Doppler ultrasonography. Treatment :heparin followed by oral warfarin 
79
What are the clinical features of DVT?
Virchow’s Triad- stasis, vessel damage, and hypercoagulability Homan’s sign, pain in veins
80
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
Disorders that result in venous hypertension impaired venous returnlower extremity discomfort, edema, and skin changes. Most common cause is after DVT, can occur in trauma, age, obesity
81
What are the sings of Chronic Venous Insufficiency?
Heaviness, aching, and paresthesias. Skin changes range on a continuum from normal skin or mildly ectatic veins to severe stasis dermatitis and ulceration.
82
Who is most likely to have Varicose Veins?
Occupation of standing, more common in females due to estrogen, can be genetic Asymptomatic, or cause a sense of fullness, pressure, pain or hyperesthesia in the legs, venous ulcer and bleeding.

Block 2 SD3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions