Cardio/ENT Test

Question 1

3 main categories of deaths due to CV disease?

Answer 1

CHD, Stroke (CVA), heart failure

Question 2

4 functions of fibrous skeleton?

Answer 2

1. Prevent direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to ventricles 2. Anchors valve cusps. 3. Prevents over-dilation of valve openings 4. Provides insertion point for the cardiac muscle bundles

Question 3

What condition(s) cause a widened split S2?

Answer 3

Pulm. Stenosis or RBBB (conditions that cause non-fixed delay in PV closure)

Question 4

What condition(s) cause a fixed split S2?

Answer 4

ASD

Question 5

What condition(s) caused a paradoxical split S2?

Answer 5

Severe AS or LBBB

Question 6

What condition(s) cause an early extra systolic heart sound/ejection click?

Answer 6

bicuspid valve stenosis or pulmonic stenosis

Question 7

What condition(s) cause a mid-late extra systolic heart sound/ejection click?

Answer 7

MV prolapse or TV prolapse

Question 8

What condition(s) cause an opening snap (OS)?

Answer 8

MS & TS

Question 9

What condition(s) cause a systolic ejection murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 9

AS (2RICS) & PS (2LICS)

Question 10

What condition(s) cause a holosystolic murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 10

MR (apex, radiates to L. axilla), TR (LLSB, radiates to R. sternum), VSD (4th-6th LICS)

Question 11

What condition(s) cause a late systolic murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 11

MVP (which causes a secondary MR); best heard at apex

Question 12

What condition(s) cause a early diastolic murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 12

AR (pt sitting, leaning forward, exhaling; may get more intense w/ exhalation) & PR (2nd-3rd LICS; may increase w/ inspiration)

Question 13

What condition(s) cause a mid-late diastolic murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 13

MS (w/ bell @ apex w/ pt in L. lat. decubitus position) & TS (w/ bell at lower sternum near xiphoid process); Also exercise, fever, ASD, hyperthyroidism, etc.

Question 14

What condition(s) cause a continuous murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 14

PDA (L. sub-clavicular space)

Question 15

What condition(s) cause a “to & fro) murmur & where can these best be auscultated?

Answer 15

Combined AR/AS or PR/PS