Cardio Emergencies Flashcards
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure on vessels from blood, causes Adema
Oncotic Pressure
Particles cause pressure
Microcirculation
Metarterioles sphincters
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening or stiffening of vessels
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque in vessels
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, carry O2 and C02 with hemoglobin
Leukocyte
White Blood Cell, Immunity
Thrombocytes
Platelets, clotting
Septa
Walls of the heart
Endocardium
Layer of tissue that lines chambers of heart, smooth layer reduces turbulence of blood
Endothelium
Lining of vessels, smooth to reduce turbulence of blood
Bundle of His
Extension of AV node, branches off to both ventricles, right bundle branch, left bundle branch
Purkinje Fibers
bring electricity to muscle tissue 20-40 BPM
Sinoatrial Node
SA node located in right atrium fires at 60-100 BPM
Internodal Pathways
Connect SA node to AV node
Atrioventricular Node
AV node 40-60 BPM
P Wave
Atrial Contraction
Atrial Depolarization
QRS Complex
Ventricular Contraction
Ventricular Depolarization
T Wave
Ventricular Depolarization
Systole Part of EKG Wave
QRS
Diastole part of EKG Wave
Everywhere Else
Coronary Arteries
Bring Blood to heart muscles, base of Aorta
Fill during diastole, blood blows by during systole
Circumflex Artery
Feeds both ventricles
Collateral Circulation
Causes small new vessels but won’t hold up long term
Thrombolysis
Clot busting drug injected within 4 hrs of chest pain
Ischemia
Inadequate blood supply to part of body usually heart
Myocardium
Working part of the heart
Automaticity
Varies in thickness
Pericardium
Membrane enclosing the heart
Outer fibrous layer keeps heart in place
Epicardium, layer with serous membrane act as cushion
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood per heart “squeeze”
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate= cardiac output
Infarction
Tissue death
Angina
Oxygen demand higher than O2 supply
< 15 min chest pain
Brought on by exertion and stress
Relief- Rest, Nitro, O2
Diaphoresis
Excessive sweating to an unusual degree
Myocardial Infarction
Obstruction of blood flow through coronary arteries
Most commonly occurs in Left Ventricle
Acute myocardial infarction
Left ventricular signs and symptoms
Anxiety
Pale, cool, clammy
vitals- Tachycardia, tachypnea, orthopnea and Hypotension
Rales, pink frothy sputum, JVD and congestive heart failure
Acute myocardial infarction in right ventricular signs and symptoms
Node damage Anxiety Pale cool clammy Vitals- Bradycardia, tachypnea, clear sounds Normotensive Syncope
Syncope
Pass out
Orthopnea
Worse breathing when lying down
Angina/AMI treatment
Reassure patient Reduce Physical exertion Position of comfort, probably upright, Oxygen if poor 02 sat<94 Baby aspirin 325mg Nitro if available ALS
Chronic Congestive Heart Failure
AMI, heart valve damage, hypertension aging
Tachycardia
Hypertrophy
Heart not giving good output
Hypertrophy
Enlarged heart, caused by working to hard to keep body going
Congestive Heart Failure
Signs and symptoms
Left side- anxiety, pale, cool clammy, orthopnea, Rales, pink frothy sputum, JVD, peripheral edema, hypertensive
Right side- anxiety, JVD, peripheral edema, puffy belly
Both- SOB, tachypnea High number Hypertensive
250/98
Ejection Fraction
% of blood Volume in your heart that it pushes out
Congestive Heart Failure treatment
Reassure patient
High flow O2, be ready to ventilate patient
Assessment: breath sounds with vitals
If chest pain- baby aspirin 325mg consider nitro
ALS
Vasovagal episode
Drop in BP, usually due to stress trigger, self resolving
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Aortic aneurysm
Widening or ballooning of aortic artery
Tear in inner layer
If rupture expect death
Signs- chest pain, sudden “tearing” pain, radiating into back
Vitals- unequal radial pulses, right stronger
Disparate BP
Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia
Liquid portion of blood is low
