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BMS200 > Cardio Embryology > Flashcards

Cardio Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

borders of the superior mediastinum

A

external angle of superior thoracic aperture (includes sternal angle) to the junction between T4 and T5 (transverse thoracic plane)

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2
Q

transverse thoracic plane definition

A

the junction between T4 and T5 vertebrae

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3
Q

inferior mediastinum borders

A

between transverse thoracic plane and diaphragm

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4
Q

how is the inferior mediastinum divided

A

into anterior, middle and posterior parts by the pericardium

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5
Q

contents of middle mediastinum

A

pericardium and its contents (heart and roots of its great vessels)

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6
Q

four borders of the heart

A

1) upper border of 3rd right costal cartilage 1cm from the sternal line
2) 7th right sternocostal articulation
3) lower border of 2nd left costal cartilage 2.5cm from L sternal line
4) Apex 9cm L of midsternal line

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7
Q

functions of the pericardium

A
  • anchors and protects heart
  • prevents overfilling
  • provides friction-free environment for the heart to work
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8
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium (has 2 layers: parietal and visceral layers)

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9
Q

pericardiophrenic ligament is continous with what structures?

A

central tendon of the diaphragm, and the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A
  • sternum
  • central tendon of diaphragm
  • tunica adventitia of great vessels of the heart
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11
Q

layers of the serous pericardium

A
  • parietal layer: inner surface
  • visceral layer: lines outer surface of the heart = epicardium
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12
Q

chamber walls of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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13
Q

what types of epithelium make up the layers of epicardium?

A

2 layers:
- serous pericardium (mainly mesothelium)
- subepicardial layer (loose CT which contains coronary vessels, nerves, ganglia, fat storage)

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14
Q

types of cells included in the myocardium

A

cardiomyocytes
purkinje fibers

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15
Q

cardiomyocyte description

A

the individual muscle cells that make up the myocardium
striated, uninuclear, have 1 or 2 branches
lots of myofibrils and mitochondria

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16
Q

purkinje fibre description

A

specialized cardiac muscle fibres that play an important role in conduction of electrical signals within the heart
glycogen-filled, large diameter fibers, gap junctions, few myofibrils and mitochondria
pale staining

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17
Q

what is the myocardium of the heart attached to

A

the thick collagenous CT skeleton of the heart

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18
Q

papillary muscles description & function

A

located in the ventricles of the heart
connected to AV valves by chordae tendineae
when ventricles contract, AV valves from prolapsing and keeps blood to flow in the correct direction

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19
Q

pectinate muscles description & function

A

ridge-like muscular structures in the walls of the atria, particularly in the RA
contribute to the contraction of the atria and help move blood from the atria into the ventricles

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20
Q

trabeculae carneae description & function

A

irregular mesh-like ridges or muscular columns found on the inner walls of the ventricles
provide structural support to the ventricles and help maintain the integrity of the myocardium

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21
Q

arrangement of myocardial tissue

A

left and right sided spirals come together to create cardiac muscle
- myocardium is arranged in a double-helical or spiral pattern; allows for wringing motion when ventricles contract

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22
Q

what happens during ventricular contraction with the basal and apical spirals

A

basal spiral/outer spiral - narrows and shortens the heart
apical spiral/inner spiral - elongates the heart, increases ventricle size

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23
Q

endocardium composition and function

A
  • forms lining of atria and ventricles
  • composed of endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
  • endocardial cells - form inner lining of AV and SL valves, contributing to their structure so they stay open and close efficiently
24
Q

describe the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • cardiac muscle fibres are anchored to the fibrous skeleton of the heart
  • 4 fibrous rings surround the orifices of the valves: (R and L fibrous trigone, membranous parts of interatrial and interventricular septa)
25
Q

function of fibrous skeleton

A
  • keeps orifices of AV and SL valves patent and prevents them from being overly distended due to trigones
  • Provides attachments for the leaflets and the cusps of the valves
  • Provides attachment (origin and insertion) for the myocardium
  • electrical insulation of impulses between the atria and ventricles
26
Q

what is the role of trigones in the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

Keeps the orifices of the AV and semilunar valves patent and prevents them from being overly distended

27
Q

differences in features between left and right sides of the heart

A

L side: less trabeculated, more muscle mass, thicker - needs more pressure to supply blood to the whole body

R side: more trabeculated, less muscle mass, thinner; contains the SA and AV nodes and conductive system

28
Q

how is the interventricular septum different on its superior and inferior ends?

A
  • inferior part: large and muscular
  • superior part: small and membranous from fibroskeleton
29
Q

role of auricles in the heart

A

increase the capacity of the atrium and the volume of blood can be contained

30
Q

atrium vs auricle terminology

A

atrium - the chamber of the heart
auricle - ear-like structure attached to the atrium, is a bit more stretchy than the atrium itself

31
Q

what constitutes nodal tissue in the heart?

A

SA and AV nodes

32
Q

function of nodal tissue

A

initiates heartbeat and coordinates contractions of the 4 heart chambers and highly specialized conducting fibres for conducting signals to the areas of the heart

33
Q

steps of cardiac conduction

A
  • nodal tissue initiates heartbeat and coordinates contractions of 4 heart chambers
  • impulses are propagated by cardiac striated muscle cells so the chamber walls contract simultaneously
  • the signal does not reach the ventrciles immediately do the the heart’s fibrous skeleton b/w atria and ventricles
34
Q

SA node
location?
function?
impulses/min?
innervated by what?

A

pacemaker of the heart
located near the opening of the SVC in the RA
sends 70 impulses per minute
contraction signal spreads myogenically in both atria
innervated by sympathetic division of ANS (increases HR) and inhibited by the PNS (decreases HR)

35
Q

AV node

A

located on the floor of the RA near the opening of the coronary sinus at the junction with the IV septum

36
Q

another name for the AV bundle

A

bundle of His

37
Q

what type of stimulation speeds up conduction of the heart;
what type of stimulation slow down conduction of the heart

A

sympathetic stimulation speeds up conduction
parasympathetic stimulation slows down conduction

38
Q

path of cardiac conduction

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle/bundle of His
purkinje fibres/subendocardial branches

39
Q

what is another name for the Purkinje fibres
what is their function?

A

subendocardial branches
function: extend into the walls of the respective ventricles

40
Q

what does the Right subendocardial bundle branch stimulate?

A

muscle of the interventricular septum
moderator band - anterior papillary muscle through septomarginal trabecula
wall of the right ventricle

41
Q

what does the left subendocardial bundle branch stimulate?

A

divides near its origin into 6 smaller tracts which give rise to subendocardial branches that stimulate:
the IVS, anterior and posterior papillary muscles, and the wall of the left ventricle

42
Q

what artery supplies the AV node?

A

AV nodal artery

43
Q

come back to innervation of the heart

A
44
Q

cardiac plexus

A
45
Q

sympathetic innervation of the heart

A
46
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the heart

A
47
Q

meaning of end circulation of the heart

A

the only source of blood supply, so if something happens to these blood vessels, the tissue can die

48
Q

what part of the nervous system controls the vasculature of the heart

A

ANS

49
Q

what tissues can receive oxygen through diffusion of microvasculature?

A

endocardium and some subendocardial tissue

50
Q

Right coronary artery breakdown

A
51
Q

left coronary artery breakdown

A
52
Q

what is dominance

A

the dominance of the coronary arterial system is defined by which artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch

53
Q

differences in histology of purkinje fibres and myocardial cells

A

Purkinje fibers have larger and fewer myofibrils than myocardial cells. They are pale-staining and appear less striated under the microscope

54
Q

features in histology of myocardial cells

A

smaller and densely packed with myofibrils. They have striated appearance under the microscope

55
Q

features in histology of endocardial cells

A

simple squamous epithelial cells that are tightly packed. They appear as a thin, flat layer under the microscope

56
Q
A

BMS200 (3 decks)

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