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Cardio DRUGS > Cardio drugs (pharmacology) > Flashcards

Cardio drugs (pharmacology) Flashcards

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1
Q

What effect does ivabradine have on the heart?

A

= slows HR down reducing oxygen consumption

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2
Q

why do ivabradine slow the heart down?

A

= by selectively blocking HCN channels

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3
Q

what is ivabradine used to treat?

A
  • angina

- tachycardia

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4
Q

what are 3 examples of B-adrenoceptor agonists?

A
  • dobutamine (selective for B1)
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
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5
Q

what effect do B-adrenoceptor agonists have on the heart?

A
  • increased contractility, force of contract and heart rate
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6
Q

why do B-adrenoceptor agonists increase the contractility, force and rate of the heart?

A
  • they stimulate adenyl cyclase and produces cAMP, generating Protein kinase A
  • also phosphorylates an increase in Ca2+ influx, releasing Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
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7
Q

when are B-adrenoceptors used?

A
  • infarction
  • cardiogenic shock
  • cardiomyopathies
  • inotropic support
  • heart failure (dobutamine)
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8
Q

what are 3 examples of beta blockers?

A
  • propanolol (non-selective)
  • metoprolol (selective for B1)
  • atenolol (selective for B1)
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9
Q

what do beta blockers do to the heart?

A
  • decrease heart rate, contractility and MAP

- decreases O2 consumption

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10
Q

what are Beta blockers used to treat?

A
  • angina
  • hypertension
  • heart failure
  • thyrotoxicosis
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11
Q

give an example of a muscarinic antagonist?

A

= atropine

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12
Q

what receptor does atropine act on?

A

= non-selective for M2 receptor

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13
Q

what does atropine do to the heart rate?

A

= increases heart rate

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14
Q

when is atropine used?

A

= to reverse bradycardia following an MI

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15
Q

what is an example of a cardiac glycoside?

A

= digoxin

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16
Q

when is digoxin used?

A

= atrial fibrillation

= heart failure

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17
Q

what does digoxin do to the heart?

A

= slows the heart rate down but increases its force of contraction

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18
Q

how does digoxin work?

A
  • competes with K+ and at alpha sub-unit blocks the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
  • increasing contractility by blocking the sarcoma ATP tase
  • increases vagal activity, slowing SA node discharge
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19
Q

when is digoxin used?

A
  • heart failure

- atrial fibrillattion

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20
Q

describe the 4 classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

class I = Na+ channel blockers

Class II = beta blockers

class III = K+ channel blockers

Class IV = ca2+ channel antagonists

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21
Q

give an example of a Na+ channel blocker?

A

= flecanide

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22
Q

give an example of a B-blocker?

A

= propanolol

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23
Q

give an example of a K+ channel blocker, that prolongs the action potential?

A

= amiodarone, sotalol

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24
Q

give an example of a Ca2+ channel antagonist?

A

= verapamil

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25
what classes of drugs are used for rate and rhythm control?
Class I and III for rhythm Class II and IV for rate
26
give 3 examples of nitrates?
- isosorbide mononirate | - GTN spray
27
when are nitrate used?
- angina | - acute heart failure
28
how do nitrates work?
- produce nitric oxide which is formed thorough influx of Ca2+ activation of eNOS and L-arginine - NO causes efflux of Ca2+ producing hyper-polarisation and relaxation - cGMP is also produced which regulates protein kinase g = relaxation - endothelial is also produced
29
give an example of an ACE inhibitor?
= lisinopril
30
what do Ace inhibitors do?
= block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II - preventing aldosterone and ADH from being stimulated - causing vasodilation anda arterial dilatation
31
when are ACE inhibitors used?
- hypertension | - heart failure
32
give an example of an angiotensin receptor blockers?
= losartan
33
how do angiotensin receptor blockers work?
= by blocking angiotensin II receptor
34
when are angiotensin receptors used?
= hypertension | = hear failure
35
what are 3 calcium antagonists?
- amlodipine - verapamil - diltiazem
36
what effect do Ca2+ antagonists have on the heart?
- decrease conduction of SA and AV node | - decreasing heart rate
37
when are calcium antagonists used?
= hypertension = angina = supra-ventricular arrhythmias
38
give an example of an alpha blocker?
- doxazosin
39
what do alpha blockers do to the heart?
= block alpha-adrenoceptors causing vasodilation
40
when are alpha blockers used?
- hypertension | - prostatic hypertrophy
41
give 2 examples of K+ channel openers?
- minoxidil | - nicroandil
42
when are K+ channel openers used?
- severe hypertension | - angina
43
what effect do K+ channel openers have on the heart?
- causes hyper-polarisation, which switches of Ca2+ channels - mediated by ATP - relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
44
when are K+ channel openers used?
- severe hypertension | - angina
45
what are 2 types of diuretics, give examples?
1) thiazide = benfroluazide 2) loop = furesomide
46
how do diuretics work?
- inhibit NaCl re-absorption in distal tubules by blocking NaCl co-transporter - inhibiting NaCl re-absorption in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle - increasing the excretion of Na, Cl, and water - decreasing blood volume
47
when are diuretics used?
- hypertension | - heart failure
48
what drugs are used to treat high cholesterol?
= statins
49
give 2 examples of statins?
- simvastatin | - atorvostatitn
50
how do statins work?
- blocks HMG CoA reductase, inhibiting formation of cholesterol - decreasing LDL and total cholesterol inflammation - stabilising atherosclerotic plaques and decreased thrombosis
51
what drug is used to treat high triglyceride levels?
= fibrates
52
give 2 examples of fibres?
- bezafibrate | - gemfibrozil
53
what do fibrates do?
= agonist of nuclear receptors which enhances transcription of lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyses triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
54
describe ezetimibe?
= decreases LDL
55
give an example of an anti-coagulant?
= warfarin
56
when is warfarin used?
- DVT - PE - NSTEMI - AF
57
how does warfarin act?
- blocks closing factors 2, 7, 9, 10 | = antagonists of vita K which prevents production of mature coagulation factors
58
what are 4 examples of anti-coagulants other than warfarin?
= heparin = low molecular weight heparin = orally active inhibitors
59
what are these anti-coagulants used to treat?
= DVT = Pe = NSTEMI = AF
60
how do these anti-coagulants work?
- binds to anti-thrombin III, increasing its affinity for serene protease to greatly increase its rate of inactivation - factor Xa = activates thrombin IIa = fibrin = blood clot
61
give 2 examples of anti-platelets?
- aspirin | - clopidogrel
62
when are anti-platelets used?
- angina - acute MI - cerebral vascular incident
63
how do Anti-platelets work?
- prevent new thrombosis | - blocks COX, inhibiting formation of TXA2, which causes crosslinkiing of platelets
64
give examples of fibrinolytic drugs?
= streptokines = tissue plasminogen activators = alteplase/ duteplase
65
when are fibrinolytic drugs used?
- STEMI - PE - CVA
66
how do fibrinolytic drugs work?
- fibrinolytic cascade poses coagulation cascade | - activating formation of plasmin for plasminogen which lysis fibrin into fibrin fragments causing lysis of the clot

Cardio DRUGS (1 decks)

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