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cardio and respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood pumped per heartbeat.

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2
Q

Oxygen Demand

A

Amount of oxygen required by muscles during activity.

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3
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts, lowering pressure to draw air in.

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4
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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5
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Circulates blood, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

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6
Q

Respiratory System

A

Delivers oxygen and facilitates gas exchange in lungs.

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7
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Oxygen enters blood; carbon dioxide exits during respiration.

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8
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

Blood low in oxygen, enters right atrium from body.

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9
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Controls blood flow from right ventricle to lungs.

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9
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle.

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10
Q

Oxygenated Blood

A

Blood rich in oxygen, leaves lungs to body.

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11
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Regulates blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in lungs.

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12
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Total blood volume pumped by heart per minute.

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13
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Number of heartbeats per minute.

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14
Q

Vasodilation

A

Expansion of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

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14
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

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15
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Condition of overheating, causing excessive sweating.

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16
Q

Hypothermia

A

The body temperature drops below the normal range (below 35°C or 95°F), often due to prolonged exposure to cold.

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17
Q

Muscle/Capillary Exchange

A

O₂ moves from blood to muscles; CO₂ moves to blood.

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18
Q

increased exercise response of cardio system

A

increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardio output

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18
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up in dome shape, increasing pressure to push air out

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18
Q

inspiration

A

contracts and flattens breathing air in lungs

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18
Q

Alveoli/Capillary Exchange

A

O₂ diffuses from high concentration to the alveoli to lower concentration in blood. CO₂ diffuses high concentration in the blood to lower concentration in the alveoli.

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19
Q

diffusion

A

movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration

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19
Q

ventilation increases during exercise increase…

A

respiratory rate and tidal volume

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20
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal environment for the optimal function of the body and its systems

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20
Q

Sub-Maximal Exercise

A

Moderate intensity requiring increased blood flow to muscles.

21
Q

Maximal Exercise

A

High intensity demanding maximum blood flow and heart rate.

22
Q

Blood Flow Redistribution “

A

Prioritizes blood to muscles and skin during activity.

23
Q

VO₂ Max

A

VO₂ Max is the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during intense exercise. It’s a measure of aerobic fitness.

23
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Cells of the immune system that increase during exercise to fight infection and disease

24
Q

Plasma Volume

A

Can decrease due to sweating, aiding temperature regulation.

24
Q

Acute Responses of Both Systems at the Start of Exercise

A

Respiratory System: Respiatory rate and tidal volume increase to bring in more oxygen.

Cardiovascular System: Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output increase to pump more oxygen-rich blood to the muscles.

25
Q

How Altitude Training Improves Aerobic Performance

A

Training at altitude increases red blood cell production and hemoglobin levels, which improves the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity. This boosts endurance and aerobic performance when the athlete returns to lower altitudes.

25
Q

Interval Training

A

Alternating between high-intensity exercise and rest or low-intensity periods. This boosts the heart and lung capacity, allowing for greater oxygen delivery to muscles. (work:rest)

26
Q

Altitude Training

A

Altitude Training is training at high altitudes (usually above 2,000 meters). The higher the altitude, the lower the rate of diffusion as partial pressures become closer. body produces more EPO

26
Q

Continuous Training

A

Involves steady-state exercise (like running, cycling, swimming) at a moderate intensity for a long period (20+ minutes, 3 times a week). This improves endurance and the heart’s ability to pump oxygen-rich blood efficiently.

27
Q

EPO (Erythropoietin)

A

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity, which boosts endurance.

28
Q

Blood Doping

A

Involves injecting extra blood (or red blood cells) to increase oxygen in the bloodstream, enhancing endurance.

28
Q

Beta-blockers

A

Drugs that reduce heart rate and blood pressure, used to stay calm and steady.

29
Q

How EPO and Blood Doping Improved Lance Armstrong’s Performance

A

In the documentary, EPO and blood doping allowed Lance Armstrong to have more oxygen-rich blood, greatly increasing his endurance and stamina.

30
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

31
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing and hardening them.

32
Q

Bronchi

A

The two main air passages that branch off from the trachea and lead to the lungs.

33
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller branches of the bronchi that deliver air to the alveoli.

34
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues.

35
Q

Cardiac cycle “

A

The sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).

36
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

A chronic respiratory disease that limits airflow, often caused by smoking.

37
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

A condition where plaque build-up in the coronary arteries restricts blood flow to the heart muscle.

38
Q

Diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, playing a crucial role in breathing.

39
Q

Haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, enabling its transport throughout the body.

40
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure.

41
Q

Myoglobin

A

An oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells, providing an oxygen reserve for muscle contraction.

42
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid component of blood, containing water, proteins, and electrolytes.

43
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

44
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

45
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The circulation of blood between the heart and lungs.

46
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

The vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

47
Q

Red blood cells

A

Cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

48
Q

Stroke

A

A medical emergency where blood supply to the brain is interrupted.

48
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

49
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body (excluding the lungs).

49
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe, the main airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

50
Q

Valves

A

Structures within the heart and veins that prevent the backflow of blood.

51
Q

The function of the cardiovascular system:

A

Circulate blood to the body
Transport O2, water and nutrients to cells in the blood
Transport CO2 and wastes away from the cells
Maintain body temperature
White blood cells fight infection

52
Q

The function of the respiratory system:

A
  • Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
  • Provide a method of gaseous exchange within the lungs
  • Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits
  • Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords
  • Facilitate a sense of smell
  • Expel heat and water vapour in the air breathed out
53
Q

At rest:

A

Low oxygen demand, so blood flow is steady, mainly to essential organs (brain, kidneys).

54
Q

fartlek training

A

random changes in pace to develop endurance and speed to quickly adapt as intensity changes

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