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cardio and respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood pumped per heartbeat.

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2
Q

Oxygen Demand

A

Amount of oxygen required by muscles during activity.

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3
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts, lowering pressure to draw air in.

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4
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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5
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Circulates blood, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

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6
Q

Respiratory System

A

Delivers oxygen and facilitates gas exchange in lungs.

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7
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Oxygen enters blood; carbon dioxide exits during respiration.

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8
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

Blood low in oxygen, enters right atrium from body.

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9
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Controls blood flow from right ventricle to lungs.

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9
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle.

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10
Q

Oxygenated Blood

A

Blood rich in oxygen, leaves lungs to body.

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11
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Regulates blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in lungs.

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12
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Total blood volume pumped by heart per minute.

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13
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Number of heartbeats per minute.

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14
Q

Vasodilation

A

Expansion of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

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14
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

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15
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Condition of overheating, causing excessive sweating.

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16
Q

Hypothermia

A

The body temperature drops below the normal range (below 35°C or 95°F), often due to prolonged exposure to cold.

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17
Q

Muscle/Capillary Exchange

A

O₂ moves from blood to muscles; CO₂ moves to blood.

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18
Q

increased exercise response of cardio system

A

increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardio output

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18
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up in dome shape, increasing pressure to push air out

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18
Q

inspiration

A

contracts and flattens breathing air in lungs

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18
Q

Alveoli/Capillary Exchange

A

O₂ diffuses from high concentration to the alveoli to lower concentration in blood. CO₂ diffuses high concentration in the blood to lower concentration in the alveoli.

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19
diffusion
movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration
19
ventilation increases during exercise increase...
respiratory rate and tidal volume
20
homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment for the optimal function of the body and its systems
20
Sub-Maximal Exercise
Moderate intensity requiring increased blood flow to muscles.
21
Maximal Exercise
High intensity demanding maximum blood flow and heart rate.
22
Blood Flow Redistribution "
Prioritizes blood to muscles and skin during activity.
23
VO₂ Max
VO₂ Max is the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during intense exercise. It's a measure of aerobic fitness.
23
White Blood Cells
Cells of the immune system that increase during exercise to fight infection and disease
24
Plasma Volume
Can decrease due to sweating, aiding temperature regulation.
24
Acute Responses of Both Systems at the Start of Exercise
Respiratory System: Respiatory rate and tidal volume increase to bring in more oxygen. Cardiovascular System: Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output increase to pump more oxygen-rich blood to the muscles.
25
How Altitude Training Improves Aerobic Performance
Training at altitude increases red blood cell production and hemoglobin levels, which improves the body's oxygen-carrying capacity. This boosts endurance and aerobic performance when the athlete returns to lower altitudes.
25
Interval Training
Alternating between high-intensity exercise and rest or low-intensity periods. This boosts the heart and lung capacity, allowing for greater oxygen delivery to muscles. (work:rest)
26
Altitude Training
Altitude Training is training at high altitudes (usually above 2,000 meters). The higher the altitude, the lower the rate of diffusion as partial pressures become closer. body produces more EPO
26
Continuous Training
Involves steady-state exercise (like running, cycling, swimming) at a moderate intensity for a long period (20+ minutes, 3 times a week). This improves endurance and the heart's ability to pump oxygen-rich blood efficiently.
27
EPO (Erythropoietin)
A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity, which boosts endurance.
28
Blood Doping
Involves injecting extra blood (or red blood cells) to increase oxygen in the bloodstream, enhancing endurance.
28
Beta-blockers
Drugs that reduce heart rate and blood pressure, used to stay calm and steady.
29
How EPO and Blood Doping Improved Lance Armstrong's Performance
In the documentary, EPO and blood doping allowed Lance Armstrong to have more oxygen-rich blood, greatly increasing his endurance and stamina.
30
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
31
Atherosclerosis
A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing and hardening them.
32
Bronchi
The two main air passages that branch off from the trachea and lead to the lungs.
33
Bronchioles
Smaller branches of the bronchi that deliver air to the alveoli.
34
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues.
35
Cardiac cycle "
The sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
36
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A chronic respiratory disease that limits airflow, often caused by smoking.
37
Coronary heart disease
A condition where plaque build-up in the coronary arteries restricts blood flow to the heart muscle.
38
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, playing a crucial role in breathing.
39
Haemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, enabling its transport throughout the body.
40
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
41
Myoglobin
An oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells, providing an oxygen reserve for muscle contraction.
42
Plasma
The liquid component of blood, containing water, proteins, and electrolytes.
43
Platelets
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
44
Pulmonary artery
The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
45
Pulmonary circulation
The circulation of blood between the heart and lungs.
46
Pulmonary vein
The vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
47
Red blood cells
Cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
48
Stroke
A medical emergency where blood supply to the brain is interrupted.
48
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
49
Systemic circulation
The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body (excluding the lungs).
49
Trachea
The windpipe, the main airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi.
50
Valves
Structures within the heart and veins that prevent the backflow of blood.
51
The function of the cardiovascular system:
Circulate blood to the body Transport O2, water and nutrients to cells in the blood Transport CO2 and wastes away from the cells Maintain body temperature White blood cells fight infection
52
The function of the respiratory system:
- Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs - Provide a method of gaseous exchange within the lungs - Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits - Create speech as air passes over the vocal cords - Facilitate a sense of smell - Expel heat and water vapour in the air breathed out
53
At rest:
Low oxygen demand, so blood flow is steady, mainly to essential organs (brain, kidneys).
54
fartlek training
random changes in pace to develop endurance and speed to quickly adapt as intensity changes

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