Cardio- AI Generated Flashcards
What is the pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?
Coronary artery obstruction decreases blood supply to the myocardium, causing ischemic damage. This damage is reversible if it lasts less than 20 minutes and mostly affects the left ventricle.
What are the symptoms and complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?
Symptoms include pain in the jaw, neck, or back, weakness, lightheadedness, syncope, chest pain/discomfort, and shortness of breath. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, myocardial rupture, and heart failure.
What are the risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?
Risk factors include coronary artery disease, age over 65, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, drug use, anxiety, and a history of previous myocardial infarction.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?
ECG may show Q waves, ST elevation, and T-wave inversion. Lab tests include elevated troponin I and T, CK-MB, myoglobin, AST, and LDH-1 greater than LDH-2.
What is the treatment for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?
Treatment includes oxygen therapy, aspirin, nitroglycerin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulant medications, fibrinolytic therapy, and angioplasty.
What is the pathogenesis of Cardiomyopathy?
Dilated: 4-chamber hypertrophy, unexplained dilation and impaired systolic function in one or both ventricles.
What are the symptoms and complications of Cardiomyopathy?
Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, angina with exercise, dyspnea on exertion, and complications such as arrhythmias and sudden death.
What are the risk factors for Cardiomyopathy?
Risk factors include African Americans, males, alcohol (thiamine deficiency), genetic factors, myocarditis, chemotherapy, cocaine, heroin, organic solvents, peripartum, and infections (coxsackie virus).
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Cardiomyopathy?
Physical exam findings include mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, S3 and S4 heart sounds, narrow pulse pressure, CBC, CMP, BNP, cardiac enzymes, ECG, nonspecific ST-T wave changes and Q waves, CXR showing an enlarged heart, and angiography to exclude ischemic heart disease.
What is the treatment for Cardiomyopathy?
Treatment includes management of CHF symptoms, avoiding strenuous exercise, beta-blockers, avoiding drugs that decrease preload (diuretics) or increase force of contraction (digitalis).
What is the pathogenesis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Myocardial hypertrophy with greater hypertrophy of the interventricular septum than the left ventricular wall itself, leading to obstruction of left ventricle outflow tract.
What are the symptoms and complications of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, angina with exercise, dyspnea on exertion, and complications such as sudden death in young athletes and arrhythmias.
What are the risk factors for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Risk factors include autosomal dominant inheritance (Chromosome 14 missense mutation).
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Physical exam findings include split S2, S4, crescendo-decrescendo murmur (changes with posture), palpable double apical impulse, ECG with abnormal Q waves and short PR interval, and echocardiogram for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
What is the treatment for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Treatment includes avoiding strenuous exercise, beta-blockers, avoiding drugs that decrease preload or increase force of contraction.
What is the pathogenesis of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
Impaired ventricular filling or decreased ventricular compliance with normal systolic function.
What are the symptoms and complications of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
Symptoms include worsening shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and fatigue. Complications include CHF with normal left ventricular systolic function and arrhythmias.
What are the risk factors for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
Risk factors include autoimmune disorders, cocaine, toxin exposure (arsenic, radiation, carbon monoxide), amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, myocardial fibrosis after open-heart surgery.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
Physical exam findings include elevated JVP, normal S1/S2, possible loud S3, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, ECG with nonspecific ST changes and low QRS voltage, CXR showing mild cardiac enlargement, and ventricular biopsy to determine etiology.
What is the treatment for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
Treatment includes managing underlying disease, diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulation, and potentially heart transplant.
What is the pathogenesis of CHF?
Inability of ventricle to be filled with (diastolic dysfunction) or to properly pump blood outwards (systolic dysfunction).
What are the symptoms and complications of CHF?
Symptoms include fatigue, syncope, hypotension, cool extremities, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough. Complications include cachexia of cardiac tissue, impaired kidney function, fluid build-up, arrhythmias, angina, and MI.
What are the risk factors for CHF?
Risk factors include CAD, age over 65, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, drug use, anxiety, and a history of previous myocardial infarction.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for CHF?
Serum BNP is elevated. Always get a baseline echocardiogram for new CHF diagnosis.
What is the treatment for CHF?
Treatment includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, loop diuretics, digoxin, anti-arrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulants.
What is the pathogenesis of Right-Sided CHF?
Most often results from left-sided heart failure. Cor pulmonale: isolated right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary cause.
What are the symptoms and complications of Right-Sided CHF?
Symptoms include anorexia, GI distress, weight gain, dependent edema, and increased peripheral venous pressure. Complications include portal hypertension, ascites, and pleural effusion.
What are the risk factors for Right-Sided CHF?
Risk factors include left-sided heart failure, pulmonary disease (emphysema), mitral stenosis, left ventricular failure, CAD, hypertension, diabetes, cardiomyopathies, and valvular heart disease.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Right-Sided CHF?
Physical exam findings include S3 heart sounds, tricuspid regurgitation, rales, JVD, pitting edema, hepatosplenomegaly, pulsatile liver, and clubbing.
What is the treatment for Right-Sided CHF?
Treatment includes managing left-sided heart failure, treating pulmonary diseases, and diuretics.
What is the pathogenesis of Left-Sided CHF?
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure leading to pulmonary congestion.
What are the symptoms and complications of Left-Sided CHF?
Symptoms include fatigue, syncope, hypotension, cool extremities, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough. Complications include pulmonary hypertension leading to right-sided heart failure.
What are the risk factors for Left-Sided CHF?
Risk factors include CAD, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial disease, and valvular heart disease.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Left-Sided CHF?
Physical exam findings include S3 heart sounds, rales, crackles, mitral regurgitation, peripheral cyanosis, slow capillary refill, and decreased peripheral blood pressure. Labs may show heart failure cells in the lungs.
What is the treatment for Left-Sided CHF?
Treatment includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, loop diuretics, digoxin, anti-arrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulants.
What is the pathogenesis of Endocarditis?
Infection of cardiac endothelium, commonly bacterial or fungal, with prominent valvular involvement.
What are the symptoms and complications of Endocarditis?
Symptoms include fever, weakness, night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, SOB, chest pain, and flank pain. Complications include distal embolization if vegetations fragment and travel.
What are the risk factors for Endocarditis?
Risk factors include prosthetic heart valve, congenital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, cardiac transplant, IV catheters, IV drug users, and a history of endocarditis.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Endocarditis?
Physical exam findings include regurgitant murmurs, splinter hemorrhages, Janeway’s lesions, petechiae, splenomegaly, microscopic hematuria, immune complex vasculitis, and positive blood cultures in 80% of cases.
What is the treatment for Endocarditis?
Treatment includes IV antibiotics for at least 4-6 weeks and monitoring for complications.
What is the pathogenesis of Pericarditis?
Idiopathic most common, often assumed to be viral, but can also be bacterial or fungal.
What are the symptoms and complications of Pericarditis?
Symptoms include chest pain (better leaning forward, worse leaning back), fever, and malaise. Complications include post-MI due to myocardial inflammation.
What are the risk factors for Pericarditis?
Risk factors include Coxsackie B virus, TB, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, Staph aureus, and Strep pneumonia.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Pericarditis?
Physical exam findings include the diagnostic triad of chest pain, friction rub, and ECG changes. Labs may show elevated ESR/CRP and troponins I & T. CXR may indicate large pericardial effusion.
What is the treatment for Pericarditis?
Treatment includes sending to ER for pericardiocentesis if necessary, full-dose NSAIDs for 7-14 days, and colchicine to reduce the rate of recurrent pericarditis.
What is the pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Acute complication of group A beta-hemolytic Strep pyogenes infection, occurring several weeks after strep throat is cleared.
What are the symptoms and complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Symptoms include sore throat, fever, malaise, headache, and leukocytosis. Complications include mitral and/or aortic insufficiency/stenosis.
What are the risk factors for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Risk factors include median age of 10 years but 20% in adults, worse prognosis for females.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Physical exam findings include Jones Criteria (2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria for diagnosis). Major criteria: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum. Minor criteria: fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR/CRP, leukocytosis, ECG with prolonged PR interval. Must also have proof of past strep pharyngitis infection.
What is the treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Treatment includes penicillin for 10 days, aspirin for arthritis, and prednisone for severe carditis.
What is the pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation?
Disorganized electrical signals in the atria cause rapid and irregular heartbeats.
What are the symptoms and complications of Atrial Fibrillation?
Symptoms include palpitations, weakness, reduced exercise capacity, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath. Complications can include stroke and heart failure.
What are the risk factors for Atrial Fibrillation?
Risk factors include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Atrial Fibrillation?
ECG findings include absence of P waves, irregularly irregular rhythm, and fibrillatory waves.
What is the treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?
Treatment includes rate control with beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, rhythm control with antiarrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulation to prevent stroke.
What is the pathogenesis of Atrial Flutter?
A single reentrant circuit causes the atria to beat very quickly, leading to a rapid but regular heart rate.
What are the symptoms and complications of Atrial Flutter?
Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Complications can include thromboembolism and heart failure.
What are the risk factors for Atrial Flutter?
Risk factors include heart disease, previous heart surgery, and chronic lung disease.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Atrial Flutter?
ECG findings include sawtooth flutter waves, especially in leads II, III, and aVF.
What is the treatment for Atrial Flutter?
Treatment includes rate control, rhythm control, and anticoagulation. Catheter ablation may be considered.
What is the pathogenesis of Cardiac Arrest?
Abrupt loss of heart function due to electrical disturbances in the heart.
What are the symptoms and complications of Cardiac Arrest?
Symptoms include sudden collapse, no pulse, no breathing, and loss of consciousness. Complications include brain damage and death if not treated immediately.
What are the risk factors for Cardiac Arrest?
Risk factors include coronary artery disease, heart attack, and arrhythmias.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Cardiac Arrest?
Physical exam shows unresponsiveness and absence of pulse. ECG can show ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
What is the treatment for Cardiac Arrest?
Immediate treatment includes CPR and defibrillation. Advanced treatments include medications and implantable devices.
What is the pathogenesis of Heart Block?
Delayed or blocked electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.
What are the symptoms and complications of Heart Block?
Symptoms vary with the degree of block and can include fatigue, dizziness, and syncope. Complications include worsening heart block and sudden cardiac arrest.
What are the risk factors for Heart Block?
Risk factors include age, heart disease, and certain medications.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Heart Block?
ECG findings vary: First-degree block shows prolonged PR interval; second-degree block (Mobitz I) shows progressive PR prolongation and dropped beats; second-degree block (Mobitz II) shows unexpected dropped beats without PR prolongation; third-degree block shows no association between P waves and QRS complexes.
What is the treatment for Heart Block?
Treatment includes monitoring for less severe blocks and pacemaker implantation for symptomatic or severe blocks.
What is the pathogenesis of Premature Atrial Contractions?
Early electrical impulses originating from the atria disrupt the normal heart rhythm.
What are the symptoms and complications of Premature Atrial Contractions?
Symptoms can include palpitations, skipped beats, and lightheadedness. Complications are rare but can include progression to more significant arrhythmias.
What are the risk factors for Premature Atrial Contractions?
Risk factors include stress, caffeine, alcohol, and underlying heart conditions.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Premature Atrial Contractions?
ECG findings show premature P waves with a different shape from sinus P waves and a compensatory pause.
What is the treatment for Premature Atrial Contractions?
Treatment includes lifestyle modifications to reduce triggers and, in some cases, medications to manage symptoms.
What is the pathogenesis of Premature Ventricular Contractions?
Extra heartbeats originating in the ventricles disrupt the regular heart rhythm.
What are the symptoms and complications of Premature Ventricular Contractions?
Symptoms can include palpitations, a feeling of skipped beats, and occasional lightheadedness. Complications are rare but may include progression to more serious arrhythmias.
What are the risk factors for Premature Ventricular Contractions?
Risk factors include stress, caffeine, alcohol, and underlying heart conditions.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Premature Ventricular Contractions?
ECG findings show early, wide QRS complexes without preceding P waves and a compensatory pause.
What is the treatment for Premature Ventricular Contractions?
Treatment includes lifestyle changes to reduce triggers, and in some cases, medications or procedures like catheter ablation.
What is the pathogenesis of Supraventricular Tachycardia?
Rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, often due to reentrant circuits.
What are the symptoms and complications of Supraventricular Tachycardia?
Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Complications can include heart failure and stroke.
What are the risk factors for Supraventricular Tachycardia?
Risk factors include excessive caffeine or alcohol, stress, smoking, and heart disease.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Supraventricular Tachycardia?
ECG findings show narrow QRS complexes with rapid, regular rhythm, and often a P wave preceding each QRS complex.
What is the treatment for Supraventricular Tachycardia?
Treatment includes vagal maneuvers, medications like adenosine, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers, and catheter ablation.
What is the pathogenesis of Ventricular Fibrillation?
Disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles causes the heart to quiver instead of pumping blood.
What are the symptoms and complications of Ventricular Fibrillation?
Symptoms include sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, and absence of pulse and breathing. Complications include death if not treated immediately.
What are the risk factors for Ventricular Fibrillation?
Risk factors include coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, and electrolyte imbalances.
What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Ventricular Fibrillation?
Physical exam shows unresponsiveness, no pulse, and no breathing. ECG shows chaotic, irregular waveforms without identifiable QRS complexes.
What is the treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation?
Immediate treatment includes CPR and defibrillation. Advanced care involves medications like epinephrine and amiodarone.
What is the pathogenesis of Ventricular Tachycardia?
Rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles, which can be life-threatening if sustained.
What are the symptoms and complications of Ventricular Tachycardia?
Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Complications include cardiac arrest and heart failure.