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NPLEX2 Conditions > Cardio- AI Generated > Flashcards

Cardio- AI Generated Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?

A

Coronary artery obstruction decreases blood supply to the myocardium, causing ischemic damage. This damage is reversible if it lasts less than 20 minutes and mostly affects the left ventricle.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?

A

Symptoms include pain in the jaw, neck, or back, weakness, lightheadedness, syncope, chest pain/discomfort, and shortness of breath. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, myocardial rupture, and heart failure.

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3
Q

What are the risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?

A

Risk factors include coronary artery disease, age over 65, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, drug use, anxiety, and a history of previous myocardial infarction.

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4
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?

A

ECG may show Q waves, ST elevation, and T-wave inversion. Lab tests include elevated troponin I and T, CK-MB, myoglobin, AST, and LDH-1 greater than LDH-2.

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5
Q

What is the treatment for Acute Coronary Syndrome/MI?

A

Treatment includes oxygen therapy, aspirin, nitroglycerin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulant medications, fibrinolytic therapy, and angioplasty.

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated: 4-chamber hypertrophy, unexplained dilation and impaired systolic function in one or both ventricles.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, angina with exercise, dyspnea on exertion, and complications such as arrhythmias and sudden death.

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for Cardiomyopathy?

A

Risk factors include African Americans, males, alcohol (thiamine deficiency), genetic factors, myocarditis, chemotherapy, cocaine, heroin, organic solvents, peripartum, and infections (coxsackie virus).

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9
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Cardiomyopathy?

A

Physical exam findings include mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, S3 and S4 heart sounds, narrow pulse pressure, CBC, CMP, BNP, cardiac enzymes, ECG, nonspecific ST-T wave changes and Q waves, CXR showing an enlarged heart, and angiography to exclude ischemic heart disease.

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10
Q

What is the treatment for Cardiomyopathy?

A

Treatment includes management of CHF symptoms, avoiding strenuous exercise, beta-blockers, avoiding drugs that decrease preload (diuretics) or increase force of contraction (digitalis).

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Myocardial hypertrophy with greater hypertrophy of the interventricular septum than the left ventricular wall itself, leading to obstruction of left ventricle outflow tract.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, angina with exercise, dyspnea on exertion, and complications such as sudden death in young athletes and arrhythmias.

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Risk factors include autosomal dominant inheritance (Chromosome 14 missense mutation).

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14
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Physical exam findings include split S2, S4, crescendo-decrescendo murmur (changes with posture), palpable double apical impulse, ECG with abnormal Q waves and short PR interval, and echocardiogram for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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15
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Treatment includes avoiding strenuous exercise, beta-blockers, avoiding drugs that decrease preload or increase force of contraction.

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Impaired ventricular filling or decreased ventricular compliance with normal systolic function.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Symptoms include worsening shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and fatigue. Complications include CHF with normal left ventricular systolic function and arrhythmias.

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Risk factors include autoimmune disorders, cocaine, toxin exposure (arsenic, radiation, carbon monoxide), amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, myocardial fibrosis after open-heart surgery.

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19
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Physical exam findings include elevated JVP, normal S1/S2, possible loud S3, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, ECG with nonspecific ST changes and low QRS voltage, CXR showing mild cardiac enlargement, and ventricular biopsy to determine etiology.

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20
Q

What is the treatment for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

Treatment includes managing underlying disease, diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulation, and potentially heart transplant.

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21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CHF?

A

Inability of ventricle to be filled with (diastolic dysfunction) or to properly pump blood outwards (systolic dysfunction).

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22
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of CHF?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, syncope, hypotension, cool extremities, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough. Complications include cachexia of cardiac tissue, impaired kidney function, fluid build-up, arrhythmias, angina, and MI.

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for CHF?

A

Risk factors include CAD, age over 65, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, drug use, anxiety, and a history of previous myocardial infarction.

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24
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for CHF?

A

Serum BNP is elevated. Always get a baseline echocardiogram for new CHF diagnosis.

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25
Q

What is the treatment for CHF?

A

Treatment includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, loop diuretics, digoxin, anti-arrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulants.

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26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Right-Sided CHF?

A

Most often results from left-sided heart failure. Cor pulmonale: isolated right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary cause.

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27
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Right-Sided CHF?

A

Symptoms include anorexia, GI distress, weight gain, dependent edema, and increased peripheral venous pressure. Complications include portal hypertension, ascites, and pleural effusion.

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28
Q

What are the risk factors for Right-Sided CHF?

A

Risk factors include left-sided heart failure, pulmonary disease (emphysema), mitral stenosis, left ventricular failure, CAD, hypertension, diabetes, cardiomyopathies, and valvular heart disease.

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29
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Right-Sided CHF?

A

Physical exam findings include S3 heart sounds, tricuspid regurgitation, rales, JVD, pitting edema, hepatosplenomegaly, pulsatile liver, and clubbing.

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30
Q

What is the treatment for Right-Sided CHF?

A

Treatment includes managing left-sided heart failure, treating pulmonary diseases, and diuretics.

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31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Left-Sided CHF?

A

Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure leading to pulmonary congestion.

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32
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Left-Sided CHF?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, syncope, hypotension, cool extremities, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough. Complications include pulmonary hypertension leading to right-sided heart failure.

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33
Q

What are the risk factors for Left-Sided CHF?

A

Risk factors include CAD, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial disease, and valvular heart disease.

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34
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Left-Sided CHF?

A

Physical exam findings include S3 heart sounds, rales, crackles, mitral regurgitation, peripheral cyanosis, slow capillary refill, and decreased peripheral blood pressure. Labs may show heart failure cells in the lungs.

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35
Q

What is the treatment for Left-Sided CHF?

A

Treatment includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, loop diuretics, digoxin, anti-arrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulants.

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36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Endocarditis?

A

Infection of cardiac endothelium, commonly bacterial or fungal, with prominent valvular involvement.

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37
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Endocarditis?

A

Symptoms include fever, weakness, night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, SOB, chest pain, and flank pain. Complications include distal embolization if vegetations fragment and travel.

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38
Q

What are the risk factors for Endocarditis?

A

Risk factors include prosthetic heart valve, congenital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, cardiac transplant, IV catheters, IV drug users, and a history of endocarditis.

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39
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Endocarditis?

A

Physical exam findings include regurgitant murmurs, splinter hemorrhages, Janeway’s lesions, petechiae, splenomegaly, microscopic hematuria, immune complex vasculitis, and positive blood cultures in 80% of cases.

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40
Q

What is the treatment for Endocarditis?

A

Treatment includes IV antibiotics for at least 4-6 weeks and monitoring for complications.

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41
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pericarditis?

A

Idiopathic most common, often assumed to be viral, but can also be bacterial or fungal.

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42
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Pericarditis?

A

Symptoms include chest pain (better leaning forward, worse leaning back), fever, and malaise. Complications include post-MI due to myocardial inflammation.

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43
Q

What are the risk factors for Pericarditis?

A

Risk factors include Coxsackie B virus, TB, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, Staph aureus, and Strep pneumonia.

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44
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Pericarditis?

A

Physical exam findings include the diagnostic triad of chest pain, friction rub, and ECG changes. Labs may show elevated ESR/CRP and troponins I & T. CXR may indicate large pericardial effusion.

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45
Q

What is the treatment for Pericarditis?

A

Treatment includes sending to ER for pericardiocentesis if necessary, full-dose NSAIDs for 7-14 days, and colchicine to reduce the rate of recurrent pericarditis.

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46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Acute complication of group A beta-hemolytic Strep pyogenes infection, occurring several weeks after strep throat is cleared.

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47
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Symptoms include sore throat, fever, malaise, headache, and leukocytosis. Complications include mitral and/or aortic insufficiency/stenosis.

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48
Q

What are the risk factors for Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Risk factors include median age of 10 years but 20% in adults, worse prognosis for females.

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49
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Physical exam findings include Jones Criteria (2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria for diagnosis). Major criteria: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum. Minor criteria: fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR/CRP, leukocytosis, ECG with prolonged PR interval. Must also have proof of past strep pharyngitis infection.

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50
Q

What is the treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Treatment includes penicillin for 10 days, aspirin for arthritis, and prednisone for severe carditis.

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51
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Disorganized electrical signals in the atria cause rapid and irregular heartbeats.

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52
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, weakness, reduced exercise capacity, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath. Complications can include stroke and heart failure.

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53
Q

What are the risk factors for Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Risk factors include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption.

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54
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Atrial Fibrillation?

A

ECG findings include absence of P waves, irregularly irregular rhythm, and fibrillatory waves.

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55
Q

What is the treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Treatment includes rate control with beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, rhythm control with antiarrhythmic drugs, and anticoagulation to prevent stroke.

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56
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Atrial Flutter?

A

A single reentrant circuit causes the atria to beat very quickly, leading to a rapid but regular heart rate.

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57
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Atrial Flutter?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Complications can include thromboembolism and heart failure.

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58
Q

What are the risk factors for Atrial Flutter?

A

Risk factors include heart disease, previous heart surgery, and chronic lung disease.

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59
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Atrial Flutter?

A

ECG findings include sawtooth flutter waves, especially in leads II, III, and aVF.

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60
Q

What is the treatment for Atrial Flutter?

A

Treatment includes rate control, rhythm control, and anticoagulation. Catheter ablation may be considered.

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61
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Cardiac Arrest?

A

Abrupt loss of heart function due to electrical disturbances in the heart.

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62
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Cardiac Arrest?

A

Symptoms include sudden collapse, no pulse, no breathing, and loss of consciousness. Complications include brain damage and death if not treated immediately.

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63
Q

What are the risk factors for Cardiac Arrest?

A

Risk factors include coronary artery disease, heart attack, and arrhythmias.

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64
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Cardiac Arrest?

A

Physical exam shows unresponsiveness and absence of pulse. ECG can show ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

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65
Q

What is the treatment for Cardiac Arrest?

A

Immediate treatment includes CPR and defibrillation. Advanced treatments include medications and implantable devices.

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66
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Heart Block?

A

Delayed or blocked electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.

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67
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Heart Block?

A

Symptoms vary with the degree of block and can include fatigue, dizziness, and syncope. Complications include worsening heart block and sudden cardiac arrest.

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68
Q

What are the risk factors for Heart Block?

A

Risk factors include age, heart disease, and certain medications.

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69
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Heart Block?

A

ECG findings vary: First-degree block shows prolonged PR interval; second-degree block (Mobitz I) shows progressive PR prolongation and dropped beats; second-degree block (Mobitz II) shows unexpected dropped beats without PR prolongation; third-degree block shows no association between P waves and QRS complexes.

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70
Q

What is the treatment for Heart Block?

A

Treatment includes monitoring for less severe blocks and pacemaker implantation for symptomatic or severe blocks.

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71
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Premature Atrial Contractions?

A

Early electrical impulses originating from the atria disrupt the normal heart rhythm.

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72
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Premature Atrial Contractions?

A

Symptoms can include palpitations, skipped beats, and lightheadedness. Complications are rare but can include progression to more significant arrhythmias.

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73
Q

What are the risk factors for Premature Atrial Contractions?

A

Risk factors include stress, caffeine, alcohol, and underlying heart conditions.

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74
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Premature Atrial Contractions?

A

ECG findings show premature P waves with a different shape from sinus P waves and a compensatory pause.

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75
Q

What is the treatment for Premature Atrial Contractions?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle modifications to reduce triggers and, in some cases, medications to manage symptoms.

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76
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

Extra heartbeats originating in the ventricles disrupt the regular heart rhythm.

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77
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

Symptoms can include palpitations, a feeling of skipped beats, and occasional lightheadedness. Complications are rare but may include progression to more serious arrhythmias.

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78
Q

What are the risk factors for Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

Risk factors include stress, caffeine, alcohol, and underlying heart conditions.

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79
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

ECG findings show early, wide QRS complexes without preceding P waves and a compensatory pause.

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80
Q

What is the treatment for Premature Ventricular Contractions?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle changes to reduce triggers, and in some cases, medications or procedures like catheter ablation.

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81
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, often due to reentrant circuits.

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82
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Complications can include heart failure and stroke.

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83
Q

What are the risk factors for Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Risk factors include excessive caffeine or alcohol, stress, smoking, and heart disease.

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84
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

ECG findings show narrow QRS complexes with rapid, regular rhythm, and often a P wave preceding each QRS complex.

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85
Q

What is the treatment for Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Treatment includes vagal maneuvers, medications like adenosine, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers, and catheter ablation.

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86
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles causes the heart to quiver instead of pumping blood.

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87
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Symptoms include sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, and absence of pulse and breathing. Complications include death if not treated immediately.

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88
Q

What are the risk factors for Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Risk factors include coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, and electrolyte imbalances.

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89
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Physical exam shows unresponsiveness, no pulse, and no breathing. ECG shows chaotic, irregular waveforms without identifiable QRS complexes.

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90
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation?

A

Immediate treatment includes CPR and defibrillation. Advanced care involves medications like epinephrine and amiodarone.

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91
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

Rapid heart rate originating from the ventricles, which can be life-threatening if sustained.

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92
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

Symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Complications include cardiac arrest and heart failure.

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93
Q

What are the risk factors for Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

Risk factors include previous heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and electrolyte imbalances.

94
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

ECG findings show wide QRS complexes with a regular, rapid rhythm, and possible fusion or capture beats.

95
Q

What is the treatment for Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

Treatment includes antiarrhythmic medications, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and in some cases, catheter ablation.

96
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Sinus Bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate originating from the sinus node, often due to increased vagal tone or intrinsic sinoatrial node disease.

97
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Sinus Bradycardia?

A

Symptoms can include dizziness, fatigue, syncope, and exercise intolerance. Complications include reduced cardiac output and potential progression to more serious arrhythmias.

98
Q

What are the risk factors for Sinus Bradycardia?

A

Risk factors include aging, underlying heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, and use of certain medications (e.g., beta blockers, digoxin).

99
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Sinus Bradycardia?

A

ECG findings show a heart rate less than 60 bpm with a regular rhythm and normal P waves preceding each QRS complex.

100
Q

What is the treatment for Sinus Bradycardia?

A

Treatment includes addressing underlying causes, adjusting medications, and in symptomatic cases, pacemaker implantation.

101
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole due to incompetent aortic valve.

102
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Symptoms include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, and angina. Complications can include heart failure and endocarditis.

103
Q

What are the risk factors for Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Risk factors include rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, and aortic dissection.

104
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Physical exam findings include a high-pitched, blowing diastolic murmur at the left sternal border, and wide pulse pressure. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

105
Q

What is the treatment for Aortic Regurgitation?

A

Treatment includes vasodilators, diuretics, and surgical valve replacement for severe cases.

106
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole due to incompetent mitral valve.

107
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, and orthopnea. Complications can include atrial fibrillation and heart failure.

108
Q

What are the risk factors for Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Risk factors include mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, and infective endocarditis.

109
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Physical exam findings include a holosystolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the axilla. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

110
Q

What is the treatment for Mitral Regurgitation?

A

Treatment includes diuretics, beta blockers, and surgical repair or replacement for severe cases.

111
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Bulging of one or both mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole.

112
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Symptoms can include palpitations, chest pain, and dyspnea. Complications include mitral regurgitation and infective endocarditis.

113
Q

What are the risk factors for Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Risk factors include connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

114
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Physical exam findings include a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur at the apex. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

115
Q

What is the treatment for Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A

Treatment includes beta blockers for symptom relief and surgical repair for severe mitral regurgitation.

116
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pulmonic Regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole due to incompetent pulmonic valve.

117
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Pulmonic Regurgitation?

A

Symptoms include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations. Complications can include right heart failure and arrhythmias.

118
Q

What are the risk factors for Pulmonic Regurgitation?

A

Risk factors include pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, and carcinoid syndrome.

119
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Pulmonic Regurgitation?

A

Physical exam findings include a diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left upper sternal border. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

120
Q

What is the treatment for Pulmonic Regurgitation?

A

Treatment includes managing underlying conditions and surgical valve replacement for severe cases.

121
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Tricuspid Regurgitation?

A

Backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during systole due to incompetent tricuspid valve.

122
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Tricuspid Regurgitation?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, ascites, and peripheral edema. Complications can include right heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

123
Q

What are the risk factors for Tricuspid Regurgitation?

A

Risk factors include pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis, and rheumatic heart disease.

124
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Tricuspid Regurgitation?

A

Physical exam findings include a holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border, increasing with inspiration. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

125
Q

What is the treatment for Tricuspid Regurgitation?

A

Treatment includes diuretics, managing underlying conditions, and surgical repair or replacement for severe cases.

126
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Aortic Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve opening, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

127
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Aortic Stenosis?

A

Symptoms include chest pain, syncope, and exertional dyspnea. Complications can include heart failure and sudden cardiac death.

128
Q

What are the risk factors for Aortic Stenosis?

A

Risk factors include aging, congenital bicuspid aortic valve, and rheumatic fever.

129
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Aortic Stenosis?

A

Physical exam findings include a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur at the right upper sternal border, radiating to the carotids. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

130
Q

What is the treatment for Aortic Stenosis?

A

Treatment includes valve replacement for severe cases and medical management of symptoms.

131
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve opening, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

132
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Mitral Stenosis?

A

Symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, and hemoptysis. Complications can include atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension.

133
Q

What are the risk factors for Mitral Stenosis?

A

Risk factors include rheumatic fever and congenital heart defects.

134
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Mitral Stenosis?

A

Physical exam findings include a diastolic rumbling murmur with an opening snap at the apex. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

135
Q

What is the treatment for Mitral Stenosis?

A

Treatment includes diuretics, beta blockers, and valve replacement for severe cases.

136
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the pulmonic valve opening, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

137
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

Symptoms include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and syncope. Complications can include right heart failure and arrhythmias.

138
Q

What are the risk factors for Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

Risk factors include congenital heart defects and carcinoid syndrome.

139
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

Physical exam findings include a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border, radiating to the back. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

140
Q

What is the treatment for Pulmonic Stenosis?

A

Treatment includes balloon valvuloplasty for moderate to severe cases and surgical valve replacement if necessary.

141
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the tricuspid valve opening, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

142
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, ascites, and peripheral edema. Complications can include right heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

143
Q

What are the risk factors for Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Risk factors include rheumatic fever and congenital heart defects.

144
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Physical exam findings include a diastolic murmur at the left lower sternal border, increasing with inspiration. Echocardiography confirms diagnosis.

145
Q

What is the treatment for Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Treatment includes diuretics, managing underlying conditions, and surgical repair or replacement for severe cases.

146
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hypertension?

A

Chronic elevation of blood pressure due to increased systemic vascular resistance and/or increased cardiac output.

147
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Hypertension?

A

Symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, and vision problems. Complications include heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease.

148
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypertension?

A

Risk factors include age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high salt intake, and family history.

149
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypertension?

A

Physical exam findings include elevated blood pressure readings. Labs may show elevated cholesterol and glucose levels.

150
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertension?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), and medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.

151
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hypotension?

A

Abnormally low blood pressure, leading to inadequate blood flow to organs.

152
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Hypotension?

A

Symptoms include dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, and fatigue. Complications can include shock and organ damage.

153
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypotension?

A

Risk factors include dehydration, blood loss, heart conditions, and certain medications.

154
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypotension?

A

Physical exam findings include low blood pressure readings. Labs may show electrolyte imbalances and low hematocrit.

155
Q

What is the treatment for Hypotension?

A

Treatment includes increasing fluid intake, addressing underlying causes, and medications to raise blood pressure.

156
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain.

157
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting upon standing. Complications can include falls and injuries.

158
Q

What are the risk factors for Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Risk factors include age, dehydration, prolonged bed rest, and certain medications.

159
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Physical exam findings include a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing. Tilt-table test may be used for diagnosis.

160
Q

What is the treatment for Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle changes (slowly rising from a seated or lying position), increased fluid and salt intake, and medications to manage blood pressure.

161
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Severe elevation of blood pressure that can lead to organ damage.

162
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Symptoms include severe headache, chest pain, shortness of breath, and visual changes. Complications include stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure.

163
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Risk factors include poorly controlled hypertension, kidney disease, and noncompliance with antihypertensive medications.

164
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Physical exam findings include extremely high blood pressure readings. Labs may show evidence of organ damage (elevated creatinine, proteinuria).

165
Q

What is the treatment for Hypertensive Crisis?

A

Treatment includes immediate administration of intravenous antihypertensive medications and hospitalization for monitoring.

166
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Localized dilation of the aorta due to weakening of the vessel wall.

167
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Symptoms can include a pulsatile abdominal mass, back pain, and rupture. Complications include rupture and hemorrhage.

168
Q

What are the risk factors for Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, age, and atherosclerosis.

169
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Physical exam findings include a pulsatile mass and bruit. Imaging such as ultrasound or CT scan confirms diagnosis.

170
Q

What is the treatment for Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Treatment includes monitoring for smaller aneurysms and surgical repair for larger or symptomatic aneurysms.

171
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Incompetent venous valves lead to venous hypertension and chronic pooling of blood in the veins.

172
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Symptoms include leg swelling, varicose veins, skin changes, and ulcers. Complications can include venous ulcers and infections.

173
Q

What are the risk factors for Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Risk factors include prolonged standing, obesity, and pregnancy.

174
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Physical exam findings include edema, hyperpigmentation, and ulceration. Duplex ultrasound confirms diagnosis.

175
Q

What is the treatment for Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Treatment includes compression therapy, leg elevation, and venous ablation procedures.

176
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Gangrene?

A

Death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or severe infection.

177
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Gangrene?

A

Symptoms include discoloration, pain, swelling, and foul-smelling discharge. Complications include sepsis and loss of limb.

178
Q

What are the risk factors for Gangrene?

A

Risk factors include diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and severe trauma.

179
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Gangrene?

A

Physical exam findings include blackened, necrotic tissue. Imaging and cultures may be needed to determine extent and cause.

180
Q

What is the treatment for Gangrene?

A

Treatment includes surgical debridement, antibiotics, and possibly amputation.

181
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hypovolemic Shock + Dehydration?

A

Severe fluid loss leads to decreased blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion.

182
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Hypovolemic Shock + Dehydration?

A

Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and mental confusion. Complications can include organ failure and death.

183
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypovolemic Shock + Dehydration?

A

Risk factors include severe dehydration, hemorrhage, and burns.

184
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Hypovolemic Shock + Dehydration?

A

Physical exam findings include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, and poor skin turgor. Lab results may show elevated hematocrit and electrolyte imbalances.

185
Q

What is the treatment for Hypovolemic Shock + Dehydration?

A

Treatment includes fluid resuscitation, addressing the underlying cause, and medications to support blood pressure.

186
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs.

187
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Phlebitis?

A

Symptoms include pain, swelling, and redness along the vein. Complications can include deep vein thrombosis.

188
Q

What are the risk factors for Phlebitis?

A

Risk factors include varicose veins, immobility, and IV catheter use.

189
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Phlebitis?

A

Physical exam findings include a tender, red, and warm vein. Ultrasound may be used to rule out DVT.

190
Q

What is the treatment for Phlebitis?

A

Treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications, compression stockings, and warm compresses.

191
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Primary + Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon?

A

Spasms of the small arteries, primarily in the fingers and toes, leading to color changes, pain, and numbness.

192
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Primary + Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon?

A

Symptoms include color changes (white, blue, red) in the extremities, pain, and numbness. Complications can include ulcers and gangrene.

193
Q

What are the risk factors for Primary + Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon?

A

Risk factors include cold exposure, stress, and connective tissue diseases.

194
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Primary + Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon?

A

Physical exam findings include color changes in the extremities upon cold exposure or stress. Nailfold capillaroscopy and ANA testing may be used for diagnosis.

195
Q

What is the treatment for Primary + Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon?

A

Treatment includes avoiding triggers, calcium channel blockers, and other vasodilators.

196
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Stasis Dermatitis + Ulcers?

A

Chronic inflammation and breakdown of the skin due to poor venous return.

197
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Stasis Dermatitis + Ulcers?

A

Symptoms include itching, redness, and ulceration of the lower legs. Complications can include infection and chronic wounds.

198
Q

What are the risk factors for Stasis Dermatitis + Ulcers?

A

Risk factors include chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins.

199
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Stasis Dermatitis + Ulcers?

A

Physical exam findings include hyperpigmentation, lipodermatosclerosis, and venous ulcers. Duplex ultrasound may be used to assess venous function.

200
Q

What is the treatment for Stasis Dermatitis + Ulcers?

A

Treatment includes compression therapy, topical steroids, and wound care.

201
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis?

A

Formation of plaques within the arterial walls, leading to narrowing and hardening of the arteries.

202
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Atherosclerosis?

A

Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and leg pain. Complications can include heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

203
Q

What are the risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

A

Risk factors include high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and family history.

204
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Atherosclerosis?

A

Physical exam findings include bruits, diminished pulses, and high blood pressure. Lab tests may show elevated cholesterol levels.

205
Q

What is the treatment for Atherosclerosis?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle changes, statins, antiplatelet agents, and surgical interventions like angioplasty.

206
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Peripheral Artery Disease + Intermittent Claudication?

A

Atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and pain in the limbs.

207
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Peripheral Artery Disease + Intermittent Claudication?

A

Symptoms include claudication (pain with walking), ulcers, and gangrene. Complications include limb ischemia and amputation.

208
Q

What are the risk factors for Peripheral Artery Disease + Intermittent Claudication?

A

Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.

209
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Peripheral Artery Disease + Intermittent Claudication?

A

Physical exam findings include diminished pulses and arterial bruits. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Doppler ultrasound confirm diagnosis.

210
Q

What is the treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease + Intermittent Claudication?

A

Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications (antiplatelets, statins), and surgical interventions (angioplasty, bypass surgery).

211
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Dz)?

A

Inflammatory disease of small and medium-sized arteries and veins, often associated with smoking.

212
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Dz)?

A

Symptoms include pain, ulcers, and gangrene in the extremities. Complications include limb loss.

213
Q

What are the risk factors for Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Dz)?

A

Risk factors include smoking and male gender.

214
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Dz)?

A

Physical exam findings include diminished pulses and signs of ischemia. Angiography can show segmental occlusions.

215
Q

What is the treatment for Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Dz)?

A

Treatment includes smoking cessation and medications to improve blood flow. Severe cases may require amputation.

216
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Embolism?

A

Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or foreign material that has traveled from another part of the body.

217
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Embolism?

A

Symptoms vary depending on the location but can include pain, swelling, and loss of function. Complications include ischemia and organ damage.

218
Q

What are the risk factors for Embolism?

A

Risk factors include atrial fibrillation, recent surgery, and long periods of immobility.

219
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Embolism?

A

Physical exam findings depend on the location of the embolism. Imaging such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI confirms diagnosis.

220
Q

What is the treatment for Embolism?

A

Treatment includes anticoagulation therapy and, in some cases, surgical removal of the embolus.

221
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, leading to obstruction of blood flow.

222
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Thrombosis?

A

Symptoms include pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area. Complications can include embolism and tissue damage.

223
Q

What are the risk factors for Thrombosis?

A

Risk factors include immobility, surgery, cancer, and inherited clotting disorders.

224
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Thrombosis?

A

Physical exam findings include tenderness and swelling. Ultrasound and D-dimer test confirm diagnosis.

225
Q

What is the treatment for Thrombosis?

A

Treatment includes anticoagulation therapy and compression stockings.

226
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein with associated thrombosis.

227
Q

What are the symptoms and complications of Thrombophlebitis?

A

Symptoms include pain, swelling, and redness along the vein. Complications can include deep vein thrombosis.

228
Q

What are the risk factors for Thrombophlebitis?

A

Risk factors include varicose veins, immobility, and IV catheter use.

229
Q

What are the key physical exam findings and lab results for Thrombophlebitis?

A

Physical exam findings include a tender, red, and warm vein. Ultrasound may be used to rule out DVT.

230
Q

What is the treatment for Thrombophlebitis?

A

Treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications, compression stockings, and warm compresses.

NPLEX2 Conditions (18 decks)

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