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Physiology Au > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

2 kinds of loops

A
  • Pulmonary loop

- Systemic loops

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2
Q

exchange vessels

A

capillaries

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3
Q

□ Q = P OVER R

A

Ohm’s law

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4
Q

Ohm’s law

A 
P= PRESSURE GRADIENT
Q= amount of flow
R= resistance to flow
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5
Q

lets you determine the resistance to flow for a specific tube or blood vessel.

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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6
Q

R= 8Nl OVER pie r^4

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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7
Q

CHECK NOTES FOR BOTH EQUATIONS COMBINED

A

CHECK NOTES FOR BOTH EQUATIONS COMBINED

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8
Q

gets deoxygenated blood from

systemic loop;

A

Right Atrium

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9
Q

pumps blood out to

pulmonary loop.

A

Right Ventricle

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10
Q

gets oxygenated blood from pulmonary loop;

A

Left Atrium

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11
Q

pumps blood out to systemic loop

A

Left Ventricle

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12
Q

Great vein that empties into right atrium

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cavae

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13
Q

Great vein that empties into left atrium

A

Pulmonary Vein

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14
Q

Great arteries that recieve blood from ventricles

A

Pulmonary Artery

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15
Q

Great arteries that receive blood

A

Aorta

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16
Q

prevent backflow from ventricle→atrium.

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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17
Q

2 types of atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid & Mitral Valve

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18
Q

2 types of Semilunar valve

A

Pulmonic Valve and Aortic Valve

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19
Q

between pulmonary artery and right ventricle

A

Pulmonic Valve

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20
Q

between aorta and left ventricle.

A

Aortic Valve

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21
Q

Starting as deoxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium:

A

Right Atrium→Tricuspid Valve→Right Ventricle→Pulmonic Valve→Pulmonary Artery→Pulmonary Arteries→Pulmonary
Capillaries (Oxygenated)→Pulmonary Veins→Pulmonary Vein→Left Atrium→Mitral Valve→Left Ventricle→Aortic
Valve→Aorta→Systemic Arteries→Systemic Capillaries (Deoxygenated)→Systemic Veins→Superior or Inferior Vena
Cava→Right Atrium

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22
Q

the # of action potentials in cardiac cells

A

5 phases

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23
Q

Cardiac phases:

A 
Phase 4: Membrane at Vrest.
Phase 0: INa+ through VGNaCs→Depolarization
Phase 1: Some IK+→Some repolarization
Phase 2: ICa2+ →”Ca2+ plateau.”
Phase 3: Large IK+ →Repolarization.
Phase 4: Back to Vrest
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24
Q

Contraction in cardiac muscle is the result of

A

increase of Ca+2 in cytosol

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25
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in cardiac is similar to skeletal muscle, but cause of ____ is different.

A

↑[Ca2+]cytosol

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26
Q

Explain Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A
  • AP activates dihydropyridine receptors (aka: L-type Ca+2 channels)
  • Intracellular Ca+2 activates ryanodine receptors in SR = Causing calcium release from SR into cytosol.
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27
Q

2 types cell types that make up heart

A
  • contractile fibers

- Nodal fibers

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28
Q

Nodal fibers include:

A

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His.

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29
Q

Pacemaker potentials are present in _____

A

Nodal fibers

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30
Q

Pacemaker potentials include:

A

Phase 0: Ca2+ enters→rapid depolarization.
Phase 2: Small, brief Ca2+ plateau.
-Ca2+ continues to enter, but K+ begins to leave.
Phase 3: VGKCs activate. K+ leaves→rapid repolarization.
Phase 4: Slow, spontaneous depolarization brings membrane
to Vthresh—all on its own!

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31
Q

Nodal fibers can reach Vthresh and

fire APs all on their own, without any input.

A

Automaticity

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32
Q

allow for automaticity by allowing funny current to cross the membrane.

A

funny channels

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33
Q

Nodal fibers never sit at Vrest cz ?

A

—Funny channels activate upon repolarization and cause new depolarization

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34
Q

how often the heart beats and pumps blood—is the result of depolarization/APs originating in nodal fibers.

A

Heart rate

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35
Q

All cardiac cells—contractile and nodal fibers—are

A

Mononucleated cells

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36
Q

Every cardiac contractile and/or nodal cell is connected to its neighbors by

A

Gap junctions.

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37
Q

Gap junctions in the heart are known as:

A

Intercalated disk

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38
Q

___ is the “pacemaker”—where APs originate.

A

SAN- Sinoatrial Node

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39
Q

SAN Causes depolarization to spread out into atrial muscle down towards ventricles due to?

A

presence of funny channels that allow it to start depolarization on its own

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40
Q

how does depolarization spread through ventricular contractile fibers?

A

spreads from the bottom up

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41
Q

Overall stages in conduction pathway

A

□ AVN→Bundle of His→Bundle Branches (left and right)→Purkinje Fibers→Ventricular contractile fibers.

42
Q

Depolarization of ventricular contractile fibers causes

A

ventricular contraction

43
Q

T OR F

A

● All nodal and conducting fibers—SAN, AVN, Bundle of His—have Funny Channels and can spontaneously depolarize.
So, every one of those cell clusters could be the heart’s pacemaker

44
Q

Why is the SAN the normal pacemaker for the heart?

A
  1. depolarizes most often

2. fastest firing rate

45
Q
  • SAN drives the rest of the nodal cells, suppressing their intrinsic firing rate.
A

Overdrive supression

46
Q

Ventricles still depolarize and contract even if no depolarization coming from SAN/atria.

A

Ventricular Escape

47
Q

represents a single electrical current moving through the heart at a given time.

A

current vector

48
Q

is average/vector sum of all the individual current vectors moving through heart at a given moment

A

Total Current Vector

49
Q

is a recording of the heart’s electrical activity from electrodes on the skin

A

Electrocardiogram

50
Q 
p
q
r
s
t
A 
P= Atrial depolarization
QRS= Ventricular depolarization and Atrial replorization.
T= Ventricular Re polarization.
51
Q

interval

A

Span of time on an EKG that includes at least one wave.

52
Q

segment

A

Span of time without any waves.

53
Q

ST Segments

A

Ventricular cells sitting in depolarized states—their Ca2+ plateaus.

54
Q

An ____ is a kind of heart attack. Unhealthy hearts—like those in the
middle of heart attacks—cannot sustain steady Ca2+ plateaus. This causes changes (e.g. elevation) in the ST Segment.

A

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

55
Q

TF: EKG waves are caused by the whole chambers depolarizing/repolarizing—not just one fiber

A

True

56
Q

is how often the ventricles contract. Measured in beats per minute (BPM).

A

Heart rate

57
Q

Heart rate can be read off ___

A

EKG

58
Q

Heart rate between 60-100 BPM

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

59
Q

Heart rate>100 BPM

A

Tachycardia

60
Q

Heart rate<60 BPM

A

Bradycardia

61
Q

Unusual/pathological heart rhythm, resulting in unusual EKG wave patterns

A

Arrhythmia

62
Q
  • Disease (of varying degrees) in the AV Node → disruption in depolarization spread from atria to ventricles.
A

AV Blocks

63
Q

3 degrees of AV block

A

First block: Slow AVN conduction- AVN mildly sick
Second Block: Intermittent AVN conduction- Some P waves cause QRS complexes, others dont
Third degree: NO AVN CONDUCTION

64
Q

Types of Heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valves: - Tricuspid valve ( on the right) and Mitral Valve ( on the left)
Semilunar Valves: Pulmonic Valve ( on the right) and Aortic Valve ( on the left)

65
Q

What pushes the valves open?

A

flow and pressure

66
Q

What is the systolic phase made up of ?

A

Systole, Isovolumetric Contraction and Ejection.

67
Q

Unequal ventricular phase of cardiac cycle

A

Systole

68
Q

left ventriclebegins contraction building up pressure. However, not enough pressure yet to open aortic valve

A

Isovolumetric

69
Q

Ventricular contraction continues as ventricle pushes blood out into aorta

A

ejection

70
Q

____ and ___ are closed during isovolumetric contraction with change in pressure (increase)

A

Mitral and Aortic Valve

71
Q

___ is closed and ___ is open during ejection with change in volume ( decrease)

A

Mitral and Aortic Valve, respectively.

72
Q

____ Ventricular relaxation phase of cardiac cyde

A

Diastole

73
Q

takes place during relaxation- decreasing volume

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

74
Q

=Blood passively flowing through atrium into ventricle.

A

Passive filling

75
Q

Atrium contracts, pushing extra blood into ventricle

A

Active filling

76
Q

___ and ___ closed during isovolumetric relaxation along with decrease in pressure

A

Mitral and Aortic Valve

77
Q

__ is open while ___ is closed during filling along with an increase in volume

A

Mitral and Aortic valve, respectievily

78
Q

Volume in left ventricle at the end of diastole.

A

End-diastolic volume

79
Q

Volume in left ventricle at the end of systole.

A

End- systolic volume

80
Q

Volume the left ventricle ejects into aorta during systole

A

stroke volume

81
Q

valve closure heard using __

A

strthoscope

82
Q

Two sounds during the cardiac cycle “lub-dup” are named :

A

S1 and S2

83
Q

Caused by closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.

A

S1

84
Q

Caused by closure of aortic and pulmonic valves.

A

S2

85
Q

Shows many different cardiac variables—EKG, LV/Aortic/L Atrial Pressure, LV Volume, and Heart
Sounds—during the course of one cardiac cycle, all on the same time axis.

A

Wiggers diagram

86
Q

ONLY __ closure-opening causes heart sounds

A

valves

87
Q

shows changes in LV pressure and volume over the course of 1 cardiac cycle.

A

Ventricular Pressure-Volume loops

88
Q

is a measure of how much blood the heart pumps over the course of one minute.

A

CO

89
Q

CO =

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

90
Q
  • ↑End-diastolic volume→↑stroke volume(→↑cardiac output) and the same end systolic volume
A

The Frank-Sterling Law of the Heart

91
Q

the sympathetic system innervates ___

A

nodal fibers and contractile fibers

92
Q

The parasympathetic system innervates___

A

ONLY nodal fibers

93
Q

Effect of SNS on heart rate

A

Chronotropic effects

94
Q

Effect of SNS on stroke volume or contraction.

A

Inotropic effect

95
Q

Nodal Fibers express __ receptors

A

B1- adrenergic receptors

96
Q

Nodal fibers are activated by?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

97
Q

What causes increase in HR

A

-β1s are Gs-coupled GPCRs. ↑AC→↑cAMP→↑Ifunny.

98
Q

Are small arteries close to capillary beds

A

Arterioles

99
Q

are the only place where the blood and tissues exchange materials.

A

Capillaries

100
Q

Capillary walls are made only of

A

one endothelial cell layer.

101
Q

Why are capillaries unable to constrict or dilate

A

DOES NOT HAVE SMOOTH MUSCLE

102
Q

Precapillary Sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle—control flow into some specific capillary beds.

Physiology Au (5 decks)

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