Cardio

Question 1

What do the terms “basilar” and “apical” refer to?

Answer 1

Basilar is the dorsal third of the heart (includes the atria, auricles, aortic/pulmonary valves, ascending aorta) Apical is the ventral two thirds of the heart (ventricles and AV valves)

Question 2

Describe the location of the pulmonary valve for auscultation

Answer 2

Attached to the right ventricle, but is located on the left side of the animal

Question 3

Compare right vs. left sided congestive heart failure

Answer 3

Right side: increased hydrostatic pressure systemically leading to effusion of body cavities and interstitial edema Left side: increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary veins and capillaries (dogs/cats) leading to pulmonary edema, pleural veins and capillaries (cats only) leading to pleural effusion

Question 4

What is one complete cardiac cycle?

Answer 4

One complete diastole and one complete systole

Question 5

List the components of the heart conduction system in order

Answer 5

SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Question 6

List the phases of the cardiac cycle

Answer 6

Rapid diastolic filling Atrial systole Isovolumetric contraction Ejection Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 7

At what stage of the cardiac cycle does the most coronary flow occur?

Answer 7

Diastole

Question 8

Compare pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 8

Pulmonary: short vessels, low pressure system, arteries carry deoxygenated blood, veins carry oxygenated blood, receives blood from the right ventricle Systemic: long vessels, high pressure system, arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood, receives blood from the left ventricle

Question 9

What occurs when hydrostatic pressure becomes too high?

Answer 9

Fluid accumulates in extra-vascular spaces causing congestive heart failure

Question 10

What is stroke volume, and what is it determined by?

Answer 10

The volume of blood ejected out of the heart during each cardiac cycle Preload, afterload, contractility

Question 11

Describe where abdominal, pleural, and pulmonary veins empty into for dogs and cats

Answer 11

Abdominal veins: caudal vena cava Pleural veins: cranial vena cava (cats can also have their pleural veins drain into the LEFT atrium) Pericardial veins: cranial vena cava

Question 12

Describe the position and shape of the right ventricle

Answer 12

Crescent shaped, begins in the right hemithorax and terminates in the left hemithorax