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Main diseases for each system > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of left heart failure

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
wheeze
nocturnal cough

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2
Q

Symptoms of right heart failure

A

usually caused by LVF or lung disease

peripheral oedema
ascites

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3
Q

Investigations for heart failure

A 
FBC
Us and Es
LFTs
TFTs
lipid profile
brain natriuretic peptide
CXR
Echo
ECG
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4
Q

Treatment for heart failure

A 
ACE Inhibitor
Beta blocker
Candesartan
Digoxin
Diuretics
Spironolactone

Conservative; weight loss, healthy diet and exercise

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5
Q

symptoms of MI

A

nausea
sweating
palpitations
crushing chest pain

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6
Q

Signs of MI

A

Raised JVP
Increased pulse, bp changes
Pallor, anxiety

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7
Q

Investigations in MI

A

ECG; ST elevation/depression, inverted T waves, pathological Q waves

CXR
Bloods; cardiac troponin
angiography

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8
Q

Treatment for MI

A 
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrate
Anticoagulants and antiemetics
Betablockers

On discharge; aspirin, ACEI, bb, statin

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9
Q

Describe angina

A

substernal discomfort precipitated by exercise

Includes stable and unstable

Stable; relieved by rest
Unstable; not relieved by rest

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10
Q

Investigations for angina

A

ECG
CT scan
coronary arteriography
thallium scan

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11
Q

Treatment of angina

A

Nitrates; GTN spray
Aspirin
Beta blocker
Ca antagonists

K channel activator

Surgical; percutaenous translumenal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft

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12
Q

Define stage 1 hypertension

A

140/90

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13
Q

Define stage 2 hypertension

A

160/100

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14
Q

Define stage 3 hypertension

A

≥180 systolic

≥110 diastolic

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15
Q

Investigations in hypertension

A 
ECG
LFTs
creatinine
urea
lipid levels
glucose 
FBC
urine dipstick
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16
Q

Treatment of hypertension in <55yo

A

Step 1; A
Step 2; A + C
Step 3; A + C + D
Step 4 = refer for add-on therapy

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17
Q

Treatment of hypertension >55yo/black patients

A

Step 1; C or D
Step 2; A and D
Step 3; A + C + D
Step 4 = refer for add-on therapy

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18
Q

symptoms of atrial fibrillation

A 
none
palpitations
dyspnoea
syncope
exercise intolerance
fatigue
heart failure
irregularly irregular pulse
19
Q

Investigations for atrial fibrillation

A

ECG; absent P waves, irreg RR intervals, narrow QRS

ECHO
Holter monitoring
TFTs
CXR

20
Q

Treatment of atrial fibrillation

A

Treat cause
Restore rate; bb, ca antagonist, digoxin, amiodarone
Restore rhythm; bb, cardioversion, amiodarone
Anticoagulation

21
Q

Symptoms of aortic stenosis

A

syncope
dyspnoea
angina

22
Q

Signs of aortic stenosis

A

narrow pulse pressure

slow rising pulse

23
Q

Murmur in aortic stenosis

A

ejection systolic murmur radiating to carotids

24
Q

Investigations in aortic stenosis

A

ECG
ECHO
CXR

25
Q

Treatment for aortic stenosis

A

control bp

valve replacement

26
Q

symptoms of aortic regurgitation

A

dyspnoea
angina
heart failure

27
Q

Signs of aortic regurgitation

A

waterhammer pulse aka collapsing pulse

wide pulse pressure

28
Q

Murmur in aortic regurgitation

A

early diastolic murmur

29
Q

Investigations in aortic regurgitation

A

ECG
CXR
ECHO

30
Q

Treatment for aortic regurgitation

A

manage heart failure

valve replacement

31
Q

symptoms of mitral stenosis

A

dyspnoea
palpitations
heart failure
haemoptysis

32
Q

signs of mitral stenosis

A

malar flush
tapping apex beat
hoarse voice

33
Q

murmur in mitral stenosis

A

low pitch mid-diastolic

34
Q

Investigations in mitral stenosis

A

ECG
CXR
ECHO

35
Q

Treatment for mitral stenosis

A

manage AF and heart failure

valve replacement

36
Q

symptoms of mitral regurgitation

A

dyspnoea
heart failure
palpitations

37
Q

signs of mitral regurgitation

A

displaced apex beat

38
Q

Murmur in mitral regurgitation

A

harsh pansystolic to axilla

39
Q

Investigations for mitral regurgitation

A

ECG
ECHO
CXR

40
Q

Treatment for mitral regurgitation

A

Treat heart failure and AF

valve repair

41
Q

Symptoms of DVT

A

calf swelling
localised pain along deep venous system
asymmetric oedema

42
Q

Investigations for DVT

A

Well’s score
leg vein ultrasound
d-dimer level

43
Q

Treatment for DVT

A

anticoag + physical activity
= low mol weight heparin + physical activity

may be followed by warfarin to prevent further clotting

Main diseases for each system (12 decks)

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