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Anatomy > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Where should the apex beat sit

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

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2
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
(Pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral)

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3
Q

Where is a needle placed in a pericardiosentisis

A

Inserted via the infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly to aspirate the fluid

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4
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

What is the surgical use of the pericardial sinus

A

The transverse pericardial sinus is used to identify and isolate the great vessels for cardiopulmonary bypass

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6
Q

State the surfaces of the heart

A 
Anterior surface (Sternocostal)
Base surface (posterior)
Inferior surface (diaphragmatic)
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7
Q

Name the heart borders

A

Right heart border: Right atrium
Left heart border: Left ventricle
Inferior heart border: Right ventricle
Superior heart border: Great vessels

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8
Q

The interatrial septum surface location

A

Shown by the interatrial groove

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9
Q

The interventricular septum surface location

A

Anterior interocentricular groove (Left anterior descending artery runs in this groove)

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10
Q

Define the coronary sulcus

A

The groove formed between the atrium and the ventricles

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11
Q

Name the 8 named coronary arteries

A 
Right coronary artery (atrioventricular groove)
- Right marginal artery
- Posterior intraventricular artery
Left coronary artery
- Circumflex artery
- Left marginal artery
- Left anterior descending artery
-- Lateral branch
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12
Q

Name the major coronary vein

A

The coronary sinus (Runs in the atrioventricular groove)

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13
Q

What structures are notable within the right atrium

A

Oval fossa
Opening of coronary sinus
Crista terminalis

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14
Q

Where do the coronary arteries stem from

A

The ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve

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15
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valves have

A

Anterior
Right
Left

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16
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have

A

Right
Left
Posterior

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17
Q

What is the aortic sinus

A

The space within the aortic valve cusps that the coronary arteries arise from

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18
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have

A

Anterior

Posterior

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19
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

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20
Q

What is the moderator band

A

Formal name septomarginal trabecula

Carries fibres of rigth bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp

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21
Q

Describe the innervation to the heart

A

Sympathetic nerves, parasymapthic nerves and visceral afferents reach the heart via the cardiac plexus

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22
Q

Describe the sympathetic chain

A

Runs of the posterior wall of the chest lateral to the spine

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23
Q

Which areas of the spinal nerve level affect the heart

A

T1 to L2/L3

Thoracolumbar

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24
Q

How do nerves from the sympathetic chain reach the organs

A

Travel from CNS to sympathetic chain (ganglionic fibre)
Ganglia from the spinal chain travel to organs (postganglionic fibre)
These move to the cardiac plexus in the case of the heart

25
Q

Define cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

A

The sympathetic supply from the sympathetic chain to the heart and lungs

26
Q

Define cardiac plexus

A

The cardiac plexus is collection of sympathetic fibers, parasympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers

27
Q

Neurotransmitter of sympathetic heart supply

A

ACh to the chain

NA from the chain

28
Q

Neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic heart supply

A

ACh to and from the chain

29
Q

How do parasymapthetics reach the heart

A

CNS sends presynaptic fibres to ganglion to synapse to a fibre to the organ (ganglion often in the organ)

30
Q

Define pain

A

An unpleasant sensation in response to a stimulus

31
Q

List features of somatic pain

A

Sharp
Stabbing
Localized

32
Q

List features of visceral pain

A

Dull
Aching
Nauseating
Diffuse

33
Q

Explain the general path of a somatic pain to the brain

A

Peripheral receptors sense the stimuli which is carried to the spinal nerve
From the spinal nerve it is carried by the dorsal root ganglion
This travels up the spinal cord to the brain

34
Q

What is the central sulcus of the brain

A

The fold between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

35
Q

What is the lateral fissure of the brain

A

Lateral line across the lateral aspect of the brain above the temporal lobe and inferior to the parietal and frontal lobe

36
Q

Define the anatomical divisions of the mediastinum

A

Inferior below the sternal angle
Anterior, thymus and lymph nodes are here
Middle, the heart is located here
Posterior, the thoraxic aorta oesophagus and trachea are here

Superior above the sternal angle contains the great vessels

37
Q

How is visceral pain carried from the thorax

A

The cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves carry both the symathetic nerves and visceral pain

38
Q

Define radiating pain

A

Pain that spreads from the area causing it

This is often across dermatomes

39
Q

Define referred pain

A

Pain that is present far from a distant site only

Due to afferent fibres from soma entering at the same point as visceral

40
Q

Define myocardial infarction

A

Irreversible death of part of the myocardium due to occlusion of the arterial blood supply
(Area of infarct due to the area of the occlusion)

41
Q

Define left and right co-dominance

A

Co-dominance is the idea that the heart is supplied by the left and right vessels
(A vessel runs through the intraventricular grooves)

42
Q

State in descending order the 4 most common places for coronary artery occlusion

A

Anterior interventricular branch
Right coronary artery
Circumflex branch
Left coronary artery

43
Q

Define CABG

A

A coronary artery bypass graft
A graft often from the great saphenous vein (large in the leg) is anastomosed proximaly to the ascending aorta to supply the occluded area

44
Q

Explain the anatomy of the blood supply to the conducting system of the heart

A

SAN branch from right coronary artery near its origin

AVN branch from right coronary artery near its branch to the posterior intraventricular artery

45
Q

What is the blood supply to the interventricular septum

A

The left anterior descending artery

Minorly the posterior interventricular artery

46
Q

Contence of the anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus

47
Q

Contence of the middle mediastinum

A

The heart

The parts of the great vessels

48
Q

Contence of the posterior mediastinum

A 
The azygous vein upon the right side
Sympathic chain
Thoracic duct
Thoracic aorta
Oesophagus
The trachea and the 2 main bronchi
The vagus nerve
49
Q

Anatomy of the azygous vein

A

The azygous vein arches anteriorly superior to the lung root to drain to the SVC
Sits just posterior to the oesophagus
Intercostal veins from the posterior chest wall drain here

50
Q

Anatomy of the aorta

A

The ascending aorta imediatly from the heart (Coronary arteries from it)
The arch of the aorta (3 branches for it)
The thoracic aorta
Ends at the T12 level through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

51
Q

Name the mediastinal branches from the aorta

A

The coronary arteries
The brachiocephalic trunk
The left common carotid artery
The left subclavian artery

Branches from the thoracic aortas anterior surface

  • Bronchial
  • Oesophageal
  • Mediastinal
  • Pericardial
  • Phrenic

The lateral branches are the posterior intercostal arteries

52
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Into the left and right venous angle respectivly

53
Q

What does the right thoracic duct drain

A

Half the face and thorax (right side) and the right arm

54
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the lungs

A

The tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes are around the tracheal bifrication
The bronchopulmonary lymph nodes surround the main bronchus at the lung base

55
Q

At what point are there no more sympathetic fibres in the vagus

A

After the branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

56
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pass through the diaphragm

A

At the level of T8 at the IVC hiatus

57
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

A vessicle reminant connecting the first part of the aortic arch and the descending aorta

58
Q

Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branches from the left vagus nerve

Looped around the arch of the aorta

59
Q

Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branches from the right vagus nerve

Looped around the right subclavian artery

Anatomy (6 decks)

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