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Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Where should the apex beat sit

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

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2
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
(Pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral)

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3
Q

Where is a needle placed in a pericardiosentisis

A

Inserted via the infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly to aspirate the fluid

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4
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

What is the surgical use of the pericardial sinus

A

The transverse pericardial sinus is used to identify and isolate the great vessels for cardiopulmonary bypass

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6
Q

State the surfaces of the heart

A 
Anterior surface (Sternocostal)
Base surface (posterior)
Inferior surface (diaphragmatic)
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7
Q

Name the heart borders

A

Right heart border: Right atrium
Left heart border: Left ventricle
Inferior heart border: Right ventricle
Superior heart border: Great vessels

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8
Q

The interatrial septum surface location

A

Shown by the interatrial groove

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9
Q

The interventricular septum surface location

A

Anterior interocentricular groove (Left anterior descending artery runs in this groove)

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10
Q

Define the coronary sulcus

A

The groove formed between the atrium and the ventricles

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11
Q

Name the 8 named coronary arteries

A 
Right coronary artery (atrioventricular groove)
- Right marginal artery
- Posterior intraventricular artery
Left coronary artery
- Circumflex artery
- Left marginal artery
- Left anterior descending artery
-- Lateral branch
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12
Q

Name the major coronary vein

A

The coronary sinus (Runs in the atrioventricular groove)

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13
Q

What structures are notable within the right atrium

A

Oval fossa
Opening of coronary sinus
Crista terminalis

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14
Q

Where do the coronary arteries stem from

A

The ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve

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15
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valves have

A

Anterior
Right
Left

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16
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have

A

Right
Left
Posterior

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17
Q

What is the aortic sinus

A

The space within the aortic valve cusps that the coronary arteries arise from

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18
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have

A

Anterior

Posterior

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19
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

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20
Q

What is the moderator band

A

Formal name septomarginal trabecula

Carries fibres of rigth bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp

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21
Q

Describe the innervation to the heart

A

Sympathetic nerves, parasymapthic nerves and visceral afferents reach the heart via the cardiac plexus

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22
Q

Describe the sympathetic chain

A

Runs of the posterior wall of the chest lateral to the spine

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23
Q

Which areas of the spinal nerve level affect the heart

A

T1 to L2/L3

Thoracolumbar

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24
Q

How do nerves from the sympathetic chain reach the organs

A

Travel from CNS to sympathetic chain (ganglionic fibre)
Ganglia from the spinal chain travel to organs (postganglionic fibre)
These move to the cardiac plexus in the case of the heart

25
Define cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
The sympathetic supply from the sympathetic chain to the heart and lungs
26
Define cardiac plexus
The cardiac plexus is collection of sympathetic fibers, parasympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers
27
Neurotransmitter of sympathetic heart supply
ACh to the chain | NA from the chain
28
Neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic heart supply
ACh to and from the chain
29
How do parasymapthetics reach the heart
CNS sends presynaptic fibres to ganglion to synapse to a fibre to the organ (ganglion often in the organ)
30
Define pain
An unpleasant sensation in response to a stimulus
31
List features of somatic pain
Sharp Stabbing Localized
32
List features of visceral pain
Dull Aching Nauseating Diffuse
33
Explain the general path of a somatic pain to the brain
Peripheral receptors sense the stimuli which is carried to the spinal nerve From the spinal nerve it is carried by the dorsal root ganglion This travels up the spinal cord to the brain
34
What is the central sulcus of the brain
The fold between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
35
What is the lateral fissure of the brain
Lateral line across the lateral aspect of the brain above the temporal lobe and inferior to the parietal and frontal lobe
36
Define the anatomical divisions of the mediastinum
Inferior below the sternal angle Anterior, thymus and lymph nodes are here Middle, the heart is located here Posterior, the thoraxic aorta oesophagus and trachea are here Superior above the sternal angle contains the great vessels
37
How is visceral pain carried from the thorax
The cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves carry both the symathetic nerves and visceral pain
38
Define radiating pain
Pain that spreads from the area causing it | This is often across dermatomes
39
Define referred pain
Pain that is present far from a distant site only | Due to afferent fibres from soma entering at the same point as visceral
40
Define myocardial infarction
Irreversible death of part of the myocardium due to occlusion of the arterial blood supply (Area of infarct due to the area of the occlusion)
41
Define left and right co-dominance
Co-dominance is the idea that the heart is supplied by the left and right vessels (A vessel runs through the intraventricular grooves)
42
State in descending order the 4 most common places for coronary artery occlusion
Anterior interventricular branch Right coronary artery Circumflex branch Left coronary artery
43
Define CABG
A coronary artery bypass graft A graft often from the great saphenous vein (large in the leg) is anastomosed proximaly to the ascending aorta to supply the occluded area
44
Explain the anatomy of the blood supply to the conducting system of the heart
SAN branch from right coronary artery near its origin | AVN branch from right coronary artery near its branch to the posterior intraventricular artery
45
What is the blood supply to the interventricular septum
The left anterior descending artery | Minorly the posterior interventricular artery
46
Contence of the anterior mediastinum
Thymus
47
Contence of the middle mediastinum
The heart | The parts of the great vessels
48
Contence of the posterior mediastinum
``` The azygous vein upon the right side Sympathic chain Thoracic duct Thoracic aorta Oesophagus The trachea and the 2 main bronchi The vagus nerve ```
49
Anatomy of the azygous vein
The azygous vein arches anteriorly superior to the lung root to drain to the SVC Sits just posterior to the oesophagus Intercostal veins from the posterior chest wall drain here
50
Anatomy of the aorta
The ascending aorta imediatly from the heart (Coronary arteries from it) The arch of the aorta (3 branches for it) The thoracic aorta Ends at the T12 level through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
51
Name the mediastinal branches from the aorta
The coronary arteries The brachiocephalic trunk The left common carotid artery The left subclavian artery Branches from the thoracic aortas anterior surface - Bronchial - Oesophageal - Mediastinal - Pericardial - Phrenic The lateral branches are the posterior intercostal arteries
52
Where does the thoracic duct drain into
Into the left and right venous angle respectivly
53
What does the right thoracic duct drain
Half the face and thorax (right side) and the right arm
54
Lymphatic drainage of the lungs
The tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes are around the tracheal bifrication The bronchopulmonary lymph nodes surround the main bronchus at the lung base
55
At what point are there no more sympathetic fibres in the vagus
After the branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
56
Where does the phrenic nerve pass through the diaphragm
At the level of T8 at the IVC hiatus
57
What is the ligamentum arteriosum
A vessicle reminant connecting the first part of the aortic arch and the descending aorta
58
Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branches from the left vagus nerve | Looped around the arch of the aorta
59
Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branches from the right vagus nerve | Looped around the right subclavian artery

Anatomy (6 decks)

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