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Years 1 and 2 revision > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of angina

A

heavy discomfort in chest, jaw and neck, shoulders or arms
symptoms brought on by exertion
relieved within 5 minutes of rest or GTN

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2
Q

Precipitants of angina

A

emotion, cold weather, heavy meals

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3
Q

Associated symptoms of angina

A

dyspnoea
nausea
sweatiness
faintness

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4
Q

Causes of angina

A

atheroma

rare - anaemia

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5
Q

Investigating angina

A 
bloods - FBC, U+E, LFT, lipids
stress echo 
CXR
ECG (exercise)
angiography
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6
Q

managing angina

A

address exacerbating factors
stop smoking, exercise, diet, HTN, diabetes control
75mg aspirin
GTN spray

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7
Q

antianginal medication

A

beta blocker
CCB
long acting nitrates

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8
Q

surgical therapy angina

A

PCI - aspirin and clopidogrel

CABG

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9
Q

ACS

A

NSTEMI, STEMI and unstable angina

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10
Q

ACS risk factors

A

male, age, FH

smoking, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity

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11
Q

diagnosing MI

A 
ECG 
troponin 
CXR
bloods - FBC, U+E, lipids
Echo
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12
Q

symptoms of MI

A

acute central chest pain >20 mins

nausea, sweatiness, dyspnoea, palpitations

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13
Q

MI differential diagnosis

A 
stable angina 
pericarditis 
myocarditis 
aortic dissection 
GORD 
pneumothorax
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14
Q

managing ACS

A

mona

antiplatelets, anticoagulate, B blocker, ACEI, high dose statin, PCI, CABG,

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15
Q

What is AF?

A

irregularly irregular heart rate of 300-600bpm

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16
Q

Main risk of AF

A

embolic stroke

17
Q

Causes of AF

A 
heart failure 
hypertension 
IHD 
PE 
pneumonia 
hypothyroidism
18
Q

Tests for AF

A

ECG
bloods - TFT, FBC, cardiac enzymes
echo - transthoracic

19
Q

managing acute AF

A

anticoagulation

20
Q

managing chronic AF

A

beta blocker or calcium blocker
digoxin
IV heparin or LMWH
ventricular pacemaker

21
Q

thromboembolic risk score

A

CHA2DS-2VASc

22
Q

Heart failure definition

A

cardiac output is inadequate for the body’s requirements

23
Q

Symptoms of LV heart failure

A 
dyspnoea
pulmonary stenosis 
orthopnoea/PND
poor exercise tolerance 
nocturnal cough - pink frothy sputum
24
Q

Causes of RV heart failure

A

LV heart failure
pulmonary stenosis
lung disease - cor pulmonale

25
Q

symptoms of RV heart failure

A

peripheral oedema
ascites
nausea, anorexia, epistaxis

26
Q

Diagnosing heart failure

A

symptoms, cardiac dysfunction at rest

27
Q

signs of heart failure

A 
cyanosis 
decreased bp 
narrow pulse pressure 
displaced apex 
RV heave
28
Q

investigating heart failure

A

BNP, ECG, echo, ECG CXR

29
Q

ABCDE of heart failure

A 
aleolar oedema 
kerley B lines 
cardiomegaly 
dilated prominent upper lobe vessels 
pleural effusion
30
Q

Treating heart failure

A 
diuretics - loop eg furosemide, K sparing and thiazide
ACEI
beta blockers 
spironolactone 
digoxin 
vasodilators
31
Q

Causes of secondary hypertension

A

renal disease

cushings, phaechromocytoma, acromegaly, COCP

32
Q

tests for hypertension

A 
ABPM 
fasting glucose and cholesterol 
ECG or echo 
urinalysis 
renal USS/arteriography
33
Q

Treating hypertension

A

lifestyle
over 55 and black = CCB OR TLD
Under 55 = ACEI

34
Q

Side effect of ACEI

Years 1 and 2 revision (1 decks)

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