Cardio

Question 1

Symptoms of angina

Answer 1

heavy discomfort in chest, jaw and neck, shoulders or arms
symptoms brought on by exertion
relieved within 5 minutes of rest or GTN

Question 2

Precipitants of angina

Answer 2

emotion, cold weather, heavy meals

Question 3

Associated symptoms of angina

Answer 3

dyspnoea
nausea
sweatiness
faintness

Question 4

Causes of angina

Answer 4

atheroma

rare - anaemia

Question 5

Investigating angina

Answer 5

bloods - FBC, U+E, LFT, lipids
stress echo 
CXR
ECG (exercise)
angiography

Question 6

managing angina

Answer 6

address exacerbating factors
stop smoking, exercise, diet, HTN, diabetes control
75mg aspirin
GTN spray

Question 7

antianginal medication

Answer 7

beta blocker
CCB
long acting nitrates

Question 8

surgical therapy angina

Answer 8

PCI - aspirin and clopidogrel

CABG

Question 9

ACS

Answer 9

NSTEMI, STEMI and unstable angina

Question 10

ACS risk factors

Answer 10

male, age, FH

smoking, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity

Question 11

diagnosing MI

Answer 11

ECG 
troponin 
CXR
bloods - FBC, U+E, lipids
Echo

Question 12

symptoms of MI

Answer 12

acute central chest pain >20 mins

nausea, sweatiness, dyspnoea, palpitations

Question 13

MI differential diagnosis

Answer 13

stable angina 
pericarditis 
myocarditis 
aortic dissection 
GORD 
pneumothorax

Question 14

managing ACS

Answer 14

mona

antiplatelets, anticoagulate, B blocker, ACEI, high dose statin, PCI, CABG,

Question 15

What is AF?

Answer 15

irregularly irregular heart rate of 300-600bpm

Question 16

Main risk of AF

Answer 16

embolic stroke

Question 17

Causes of AF

Answer 17

heart failure 
hypertension 
IHD 
PE 
pneumonia 
hypothyroidism

Question 18

Tests for AF

Answer 18

ECG
bloods - TFT, FBC, cardiac enzymes
echo - transthoracic

Question 19

managing acute AF

Answer 19

anticoagulation

Question 20

managing chronic AF

Answer 20

beta blocker or calcium blocker
digoxin
IV heparin or LMWH
ventricular pacemaker

Question 21

thromboembolic risk score

Answer 21

CHA2DS-2VASc

Question 22

Heart failure definition

Answer 22

cardiac output is inadequate for the body’s requirements

Question 23

Symptoms of LV heart failure

Answer 23

dyspnoea
pulmonary stenosis 
orthopnoea/PND
poor exercise tolerance 
nocturnal cough - pink frothy sputum

Question 24

Causes of RV heart failure

Answer 24

LV heart failure
pulmonary stenosis
lung disease - cor pulmonale

Question 25

symptoms of RV heart failure

Answer 25

peripheral oedema ascites nausea, anorexia, epistaxis

Question 26

Diagnosing heart failure

Answer 26

symptoms, cardiac dysfunction at rest

Question 27

signs of heart failure

Answer 27

``` cyanosis decreased bp narrow pulse pressure displaced apex RV heave ```

Question 28

investigating heart failure

Answer 28

BNP, ECG, echo, ECG CXR

Question 29

ABCDE of heart failure

Answer 29

``` aleolar oedema kerley B lines cardiomegaly dilated prominent upper lobe vessels pleural effusion ```

Question 30

Treating heart failure

Answer 30

``` diuretics - loop eg furosemide, K sparing and thiazide ACEI beta blockers spironolactone digoxin vasodilators ```

Question 31

Causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 31

renal disease | cushings, phaechromocytoma, acromegaly, COCP

Question 32

tests for hypertension

Answer 32

``` ABPM fasting glucose and cholesterol ECG or echo urinalysis renal USS/arteriography ```

Question 33

Treating hypertension

Answer 33

lifestyle over 55 and black = CCB OR TLD Under 55 = ACEI

Question 34

Side effect of ACEI

Answer 34

cough