Cardio Flashcards
Where are S1 sounds heard loudest?
Mitral and tricuspid areas.
Lower left side of chest
What causes an S3?
Rapid ventricular filling
Heard best in mitral area
May be normal in young patients.
What causes S4?
Forcefull atrial ejection into a distended ventrical.
Heard best at the mitral area.
May be normal in children.
Can be caused by HTN or aortic stenosis.
Mid systolic murmur that radiates to the carotids with a CRESCENDO-DECRESCENDO sound.
Its loud, harsh, and medium pitched with an ejection click.
Aortic stenosis
Early diastolic murmur with DECRESCENDO thats described as HOLOSYSTOLIC, BLOWING, HIGH PITCHED.
It is often louder when sitting forward or after exhalation.
aortic regurgitation
Described with a CRESCENDO DECRESCENDO sound noted MID SYSTOLIC.
Its harsh and medium pitched often louder on inspiration with a click.
Pulmonic stenosis
Described as a loud systolic murmur that splits S2
Atrial septal defect
Continuous MACHINE MURMUr
Patent ductus arteriosis
measurement of one little box on an emg = how many seconds?
0.04 seconds
A big 5 mm box on an ecg measures how much time?
0.20 seconds
Whats the distance between slashes at the top of the page of an ecg in time?
3 seconds
Name the heart rate at: 1 big box 2 big boxes 3 4 5 6
1: 300 bpm
2: 150 bpm
3: 100 bpm
4: 75 bpm
5: 60 bpm
6: 50 bpm
Q wave
Hallmark of infarction
Q wave will appear enlarged following an MI.
Inverted T wave
Inverted T wave may indicate ischemia
Tall, peaked T waves
Hyperkalemia
U wave
Sometimes seen after the T wave and associated with electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.
What is a first degree heart block?
simply a prolonged P-R interval but constant in duration!!
What is second degree heart block and what else is it known as?
broken into Type 1 (wenckebach’s) and Type 2 (Mobitz)
Type 1: Not all atrial impulses reach the ventricles.
PR interval progressively lengthens until a QRS is dropped. Cycle then repeats.
Type 2: Mobitz: Not all atrial impulses reach the ventricles. What i key here is that there is no delay or prolongation in the P-R interval
Difference between type 1 Weneckes and type 2 Mobits second degree heart block.
Both are characterized as having a depolarization that might not meet the QRS.
In type 1 the PR intervals slowly lengthen until a QRS complex is dropped.
In type 2 the PR intervals do not lengthen and a QRS cycle just randomly drops.
What happens in third degree heart block?
None of the atrial impulses reach the ventricles.
the atrium and ventricles are beating on there own separate regular rates.
What is defined as sinus bradycardia?
Less than 60 beats per minute!
What is defined as sinus tachycardia?
More than 100 beats per minute
How does a premature atrial contaction appear?
Causes
P wave may be enlarged, disfigured or absent.
Coffee, tobacco, etOH, heart dsease, CHF, meds, hypoxia, low K+ levels are all known to cause this condition.
What is paroxysmal atrial tachycardia?
Focus is in the atrium in which it depolarizes giving rise to a series of rapid beats at a regular rate between 150 and 250 beats per minute.
Begins and ends suddenly (paroxysmally)
How will a-flutter and a-fib differ in ecg appearance?
A flutter will have a sawtooth pattern where as a fib will have many tiny wiggly patterns.
Note that the QRS waves will appear unaltered.
How will a premature ventricular contraction apear?
Ectopic depolarization in any portion of the ventricular myocardium.
Will appear with strange elongated QRS segments that dip low between the ST point.
How does wolf-parkinson white syndrome present?
Electrical bridge between the atrium and the ventricles bypassing the AV node.
Just causes a very rapid QRS segment
What type of ECG will present with an inverted p wave?
It is typically due to a junctional rhythm
Heart beat is originating in the AV when the SA node isnt working correctly.
AV node beats at 40-60 bpm will apear bradychardic
