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1st Year Medicine > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Pericarditis s/s? (5)

A

Fever, pleuritic chest pain relived by sitting up and leaning forward, cough, tachyopnoea, PERICARDIAL RUB

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2
Q

Ax pericarditis? (4)

A

Viral (coxsackie), TB, trauma, dresslers (post-MI)

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3
Q

ECG pericarditis?

A

Saddle-shaped ST elevation, PR depression

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4
Q

Ax endocarditis?

A

Strep viridans, HACEK, staph aureus

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5
Q

s/s endocarditis?

A

FROM JANE

Fever, roth spots, Osler’s nodes, murmur, janeway lesions, anaemia, nails (splinter haemorrhages), emboli

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6
Q

Dx endocarditis?

A

Blood culture, anaemia, CXR, ECHO, urinalysis for microscopic haematuria

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7
Q

Tx endocarditis?

A
  • Native valves: amoxicillin + gentamicin
  • Prosthetic valves: vancomycin, gentamicin + rifampacin
  • IV drug: fluclox
  • Staph aureus: fluclox
  • MRSA: vancmycin, gentamicin + rifampacin
  • Viridans strep: benzylpenicillin + gentamicin
  • enterococcus: vancomycin + gentamicin
  • staph epidermidis: vancomycin, gentamicin + rifampacin
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8
Q

S/s myocarditis? (4)

A

Fever, chest pains, SOB, palpitations

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9
Q

Ax myocarditis? (7)

A

Lymes, cocksakie, chaga’s disease, HIV, rheumatic fever, eosinophillic, SLE

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10
Q

Ax arhythmias? (5)

A

LVH, accessory pathway, drugs, inflammation, genetic

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11
Q

Dx arrhythmias?

A

ECG, electrophysiological study

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12
Q

Tx bradycardia?

A
  • If asymptomatic and >40 bpm, no Tx required

* If <40 bpm or asymptomatic, IV atropine (if no response to atropine - temporary pacing wire)

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13
Q

SVT ECG?

A

Narrow complex tachy (QRS <0.12)

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14
Q

Tx SVT?

A

Vagotonic manouvres, IV adenosine/verapamil, DC shock

  • Maintenance: BB/verapamil (NEVER together!!), radiofrequency ablation
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15
Q

ECG AF?

A

Irregularly irregular pulse, absent P waves, F waves

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16
Q

Ax AF?

A

Ectopic foci in pulmonary VEINS

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17
Q

Tx AF?

A
  • Acute: emergency cardioversion, if unavailible = amiodarone + verapamil/bisoprolol
  • Chronic: BB/CCB, if fails add amiodarone

ANTICOAGULATION if high risk of thomboembolism CHA2DS2-VAS

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18
Q

Maintenance of AF?

A

Catheter ablation of pulmonary vein focus

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19
Q

s/s AF? (6)

A

Palpitations, syncope, chest pain, breathlessness, fatigue, sweating

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20
Q

ECG VT?

A

Broad complex tachy

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21
Q

Tx VT?

A

Amiodarone/lidocaine, ICD, catheter ablation

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22
Q

Wolf Parkinson White syndrome?

A

Congenital accessory conduction pathway between atria and ventricles
ECG = delta waves

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23
Q

Tx WPW?

A

Ablation of accessory pathways

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24
Q

1st degree heart block? Tx?

A

PR interval longer than normal (>0.2)

Tx = none

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25
Q

2nd degree heart block? Tx?

A
  • Mobitz 1 - progressive lengthening of PR interval eventually resulting in dropped beat
  • Mobitz 2 - usually 2:1 or 3:1
  • Tx = pacemaker
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26
Q

3rd degree heart block? Tx?

A

Heart stops (asystole) or enters escape rhythm

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27
Q

Tx ventricular fib?

A

Defib + CPR

28
Q

Tx Long QT syndrome?

A

B-blockers (NOT SOTALOL)

29
Q

Tx brugada syndrome?

A

ICD

30
Q

ECG brugada syndrome?

A

ST elevation and RBBB

31
Q

Drugs to avoid with brugada syndrome?

A

Analgesics, anti-arrhythmic drugs, psychotropics, anathetics

32
Q

Collapsing pulse?

A

Aortic regurgitation

33
Q

Radiofemoral delay?

A

Coarctation of aorta

34
Q

s/s mitral stenosis?

A

Tapping apex, loud S1, rumbling mid-diastolic, malar flush

35
Q

Aortic stenosis s/s?

A

Soft S2, ejection systolic (radiates), slow-rising pulse, heave

36
Q

s/s aortic regurg?

A

Displaced apex, early diastolic, collapsing pulse

37
Q

s/s mitral regurg?

A

Displaced apex, soft S1, pansystolic murmur (radiates to axilla)

38
Q

Tricuspid regurg s/s?

A

JVP ‘v’ waves

39
Q

Parasternal heave?

A

Cor pulmonale/pulmonary hypertension

40
Q

JVP rising on inspiration?

A

Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis

41
Q

Blurred yellowing vision + headache?

A

Digoxin toxicity

42
Q

Tall tented T waves, prominent U waves?

A

Hyperkalaemia

43
Q

Flattened T waves, prominent U waves?

A

Hypokalaemia

44
Q

ST depression?

A

Myocardial ischaemia

45
Q

ST elevation?

A

Acute MI

46
Q

Saddle shaped ST elevation?

A

Constrictive pericarditis

47
Q

S I, Q III, T III pattern?

A

PE

48
Q

Dx AF?

A

ECG - absent P waves, irregular R-R intervals

49
Q

Tx AF?

A
  • Restore rate:BB, Ca+ antagonist, digoxin, amiodarone
  • Restore rhythm: BB, cardioversion, amiodarone
  • Anticoagulant: warfarin, apixiban, dabigatran, rivaroxiban
50
Q

Tx MI?

A

Acute = MONAAB

Morphine, oxygen, nitrates, anti-platelet, antiemetic, BB, aspirin

Tx = PCI within 90 mins

51
Q

s/s heart failure?

A

RHF - ankle oedema

LHF - pleural effusion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

52
Q

Tx heart failure?

A

ACE/ARB, BBs, digoxin, furosemide, spironolactone

53
Q

Ix heart failure?

A

Bloods, CXR (oedema), ECHO, ECG

54
Q

Aneurysm?

A

Dilation of vessel by more than 50% its normal diameter

55
Q

True aneurysm vs false aneurysm?

A

True: vessel wall is intact
False: breach in vessel wall

56
Q

Ax AAA?

A

smoking, hypertension, diabetes

57
Q

s/s AAA?

A

Pain can mimic renal colic

58
Q

AAA rupture? (3)

A
  • sudden onset epigastric pain
  • Can radiate to back
  • Collapse
59
Q

Ix AAA?

A
  • Duplex US

* CT angiogram - ONLY imaging that can identify ruptured AAA

60
Q

Tx rupture AAA?

A

Open repair/EVAR

61
Q

s/s acute limb ischaemia?

A

6 P’s

Pain, pallor, pulseless, perishingly cold, paraesthesia, paralysis

62
Q

Tx diabetic foot sepsis?

A

SURGERY, wide spectrum antibiotics
(wound left open to encourage drainage)

  • If patient very ill, GUILLOTINE PROCEDURE
63
Q

Abdominal retroperitoneal structures?

A

SADPUCKER

  • Suprarenal glands, aorta/IVC, duodenum (except 1st part), pancreas (not tail), ureters, colon (ascending + descending), kidneys, esophagus, rectum
64
Q

Shockable rhythms?

Tx?

A

VF, pulseless VT

  • 1 shock then continue CPR for 2 mins, shock again if necessary
  • After 3rd shock, IV adrenaline and IV amiodarone 300 mg
65
Q

Non-shockable rhythms?

Tx?

A

Pulseless electrical activity, asystole

* adrenaline 1mg IV immediately then every 2 CPR cycles

1st Year Medicine (3 decks)

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