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Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Where to auscultate the heart and what to listen to

A

APT M, stenosis/regurgitation

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2
Q

starling law (cardio)

A

EDV is directly proportional to force of contraction

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3
Q

4th arch gives rise to?

A

aortic arch on left side, subclavian on Right

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4
Q

hysteresis

A

lung inflation curve follows different curve than lung deflation due to need to overcome surface tension forces in inflation

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5
Q

central vs peripheral chemoreceptors sense what?

A

CO2 increase and O2 decrease (primarily) below 50 mmHg, respectively

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6
Q

Digitalis (inotrope) function

A

increases contractility by blocking Na/K pump

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7
Q

3rd arch gives rise to?

A

ICA

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8
Q

Conducting zone vs respiratory zone

A

everything upto terminal bronchioles: anatomic dead zone

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9
Q

Myocardial action potential 0-4 phases

A

depolarization, repolarization, plateau (Ca++), rapid repolarization, resting potential

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10
Q

Swan-Ganz catheter used to measure?

A

LA pressure

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11
Q

how are ventricles separated? (3 steps)

A

muscular interventricular septum –> aorticopulmonary septum that rotates –> membranous interventricular septum

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12
Q

haldane vs bohr effect

A

offloading of CO2 vs offloading of O2 is facilitated

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13
Q

splitting of heart sounds- normal/abnormal

A

Pulmonary valve should close after aortic valve, but when volume increases in the Right side of heart, pulmonary valve closure is delayed, i.e. ASD

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14
Q

ejection fraction equation

A

EF = SV/EDV

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15
Q

two equations for Cardiac output

A

P=CR, CO = stroke volume X heart rate

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16
Q

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant defieciency and alveolar collapse

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17
Q

VSD and ASD are auscultated where?

A

tricuspid area

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18
Q

Endocardial cushion gives rise to? (3)

A

Atrial septum, mebranous interventricular septum, AV and semilunar valves

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19
Q

fetal cardio adaptations (3)

A
  1. Ductus venosus, bypasses hepatic circulation 2. Foramen ovale, right atria to left atria 3. Ductus arteriousus, pulmonary to aorta.
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20
Q

Describe coronary arteries

A

RCA gives off right marginal and goes around to give PDA. usually supplies SA and AV node. LCA gives off LAD, marginal and circumflex

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21
Q

Heart electrical impulses conduction pathway AND relative speed

A

SA, AV, bundle of his, LR bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles. Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node

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22
Q

pericardium is innervated by, and pericarditis is referred to?

A

phrenic nerve, shoulder

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23
Q

aspired peanut enters into?

A

right bronchus

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24
Q

Foramen primum –> Foramen ovale story

A

Foramen primum –> closed by septum primum growing toward endocardial cushions –> foramen secundum appears, and closed by septum secundum but leaves a gap called foramen ovale which closes after birth. septum primum and secundum fuse to form atrial septum

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25
What keeps PDA open?
Prostaglandin
26
Resistance in blood vessel equation, most resistance in circulation comes from?
8ul/pir^4, arterioles
27
most anterior part of heart in CT scan, most posterior?
Right ventricle, Left atrium
28
RALS
pulmonary artery location in reference to bronchus
29
obstructive vs restrictive FEV1
obstructive FEV1 is more dramatically reduced than FVC
30
6th arch gives rise to?
DA, pulmonary arteries
31
When does heart start beating in embryo?
week 4
32
alveolar gas equation vs alveolar ventilation
150- PC02/0.8 vs (Vt-Vd)xRR
33
MHC Class 1 vs MHC class 2
CD8/intracellular/all cells vs CD4/extracellular/DC,MP,B
34
When does physiological herniation and return happen
6th week and 10 week, rotates 270 counterclockwise
35
gastroschisis vs omphalocele
CELEd by peritoneum
36
paraumbilical veins drain to which vein during portal hypertension?
epigastric veins
37
hesselbach's triangle borders
inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric vessels, rectus abdominis
38
umbilical veins in embryo becomes
ligamentum teres
39
how is glucose and sugar absorbed in Small intestine?
SGLT1, GLUT5 respectively. pumped into portal vein by GLUT2
40
stool-osmolality gap high vs low
high= osmotic diarrhea, low = secretory diarrhea. 290-2(Na + K)
41
medial umbilical fold contains which structure, how about lateral?
umbilical artery (branch of internal iliac) so you can find uterine artery. lateral = inferior epigastric
42
annular pancreas?
ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum and causes problems
43
meckel diverticulum
remains of vitelline duct, may contain gastric/pancreatic tissue
44
Adrenal cortex and medulla are derived from?
cortex= mesoderm, medulla= neural crest
45
layers of adrenal gland
GFR- glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, salt-sugar-sex
46
anterior/posterior pituitary glands are derived from?
rathke's pouch (oral ectoderm) / neuroectoderm
47
insulin dependent GLUT ?
GLUT4
48
what negatively regulates prolactin?
dopamine
49
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH
if you have a 1, more sex hormone
50
which hormones in pituitary are basophilic/eosinophilic
B-FLAT/ Pigs are pink
51
ureteric bud vs mesonephric mesenchyme/blastema gives rise to?
everything after collecting ducts (calyces, pelvis, ureter) vs everything up to DCT
52
potter sequence
POTTER pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios, twisted face and twisted skin, extremity dfects, renal failure
53
horsheshoe kidney
fused kidneys get stuck at IMA during its ascent
54
renal blood flow
renal artery, segmental, IAIA(afferent), efferent, vasa recta, peritubular capillaries
55
water under the bridge
ureters pass under uterine artery or vas deferens
56
3 layers of barriers in glomerulus
fenestrated capillary endothelium, basement membrane with heparan sulfate, podocytes
57
clearance equation
Urine concentration * Volume of urine / Plasma concentration
58
inulin/creatinine/PAH
used to measure GFR/RPF
59
equation for filtration fraction and how much is typical FF?
GFR/RPF, 20%
60
explain RAAS
Macula densa cells sense low BP, low Na delivery and secretes renin. Angiotensin II constricts efferent more than afferent, maintains GFR in low blood volume states, but also increases Na+ absorption to increase BP and BV
61
types of diuretics
CA inhibitors, mannitol (osmotic diuresis) Loop diuretics, thiazide, K+ sparing
62
male development embryology
``` mesonephric duct (wolffian). sertoli cells secrete mullerian inhibitory factor which suppresses paramesonephric duct growth. leydig cells secrete androgens that stimulate mesonephric duct growth. Leydig leads/ sertoli shuts down ```
63
ovarian ligament
latches ovary to lateral uterus
64
cardinal ligament
contain the uterine vessels
65
suspensory ligament of the ovary
contains ovarian vessels
66
broad ligaments
contain ovaries, tubes, round ligament of uterus
67
round ligament
connects uterus to labia majora, derivative of gubernaculum
68
most common area for cervical cancer
squamocolumnar junction
69
sertoli cell functions
produce MIF, Androgen binding protein, sperm nurturing/synthesis, BTB (blood testes barrier), inhibin B inhibits FSH production
70
2 pauses in female reproductive cycle
Meiosis 1-prophase 1 = until ovulation. Meiosis 2-metaphase 2 = until sperm met an egg
71
DHT
converted from testosterone by 5areductase. development of penis, scrotum and prostate
72
hCG
made by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta, maintains corpus luteum at first to keep making estrogen and progesterone, but later the placenta takes over. similar structure to TSH
73
path of ovum to uterus
ovary, fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural
74
granulosa cells
convert androgen to estrogen using aromatase
75
cardio changes during pregnancy
increased CO, preload. anemia because plasma increases a lot more than RBC, hypercoagulability, hyperventilation
76
syncytiotrophoblast vs cytotrophoblast
makes hCG and other hormones. no MHC class I, outer layer of chorionic villi. vs. inner layer, cell.
77
theca lutein vs granulosa lutein
theca lutein makes testosterone, granulosa converts into estrogen and progesterone

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