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NB Shelf > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Where to auscultate the heart and what to listen to

A

APT M, stenosis/regurgitation

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2
Q

starling law (cardio)

A

EDV is directly proportional to force of contraction

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3
Q

4th arch gives rise to?

A

aortic arch on left side, subclavian on Right

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4
Q

hysteresis

A

lung inflation curve follows different curve than lung deflation due to need to overcome surface tension forces in inflation

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5
Q

central vs peripheral chemoreceptors sense what?

A

CO2 increase and O2 decrease (primarily) below 50 mmHg, respectively

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6
Q

Digitalis (inotrope) function

A

increases contractility by blocking Na/K pump

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7
Q

3rd arch gives rise to?

A

ICA

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8
Q

Conducting zone vs respiratory zone

A

everything upto terminal bronchioles: anatomic dead zone

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9
Q

Myocardial action potential 0-4 phases

A

depolarization, repolarization, plateau (Ca++), rapid repolarization, resting potential

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10
Q

Swan-Ganz catheter used to measure?

A

LA pressure

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11
Q

how are ventricles separated? (3 steps)

A

muscular interventricular septum –> aorticopulmonary septum that rotates –> membranous interventricular septum

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12
Q

haldane vs bohr effect

A

offloading of CO2 vs offloading of O2 is facilitated

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13
Q

splitting of heart sounds- normal/abnormal

A

Pulmonary valve should close after aortic valve, but when volume increases in the Right side of heart, pulmonary valve closure is delayed, i.e. ASD

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14
Q

ejection fraction equation

A

EF = SV/EDV

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15
Q

two equations for Cardiac output

A

P=CR, CO = stroke volume X heart rate

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16
Q

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant defieciency and alveolar collapse

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17
Q

VSD and ASD are auscultated where?

A

tricuspid area

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18
Q

Endocardial cushion gives rise to? (3)

A

Atrial septum, mebranous interventricular septum, AV and semilunar valves

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19
Q

fetal cardio adaptations (3)

A
  1. Ductus venosus, bypasses hepatic circulation 2. Foramen ovale, right atria to left atria 3. Ductus arteriousus, pulmonary to aorta.
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20
Q

Describe coronary arteries

A

RCA gives off right marginal and goes around to give PDA. usually supplies SA and AV node. LCA gives off LAD, marginal and circumflex

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21
Q

Heart electrical impulses conduction pathway AND relative speed

A

SA, AV, bundle of his, LR bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles. Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node

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22
Q

pericardium is innervated by, and pericarditis is referred to?

A

phrenic nerve, shoulder

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23
Q

aspired peanut enters into?

A

right bronchus

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24
Q

Foramen primum –> Foramen ovale story

A

Foramen primum –> closed by septum primum growing toward endocardial cushions –> foramen secundum appears, and closed by septum secundum but leaves a gap called foramen ovale which closes after birth. septum primum and secundum fuse to form atrial septum

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25
Q

What keeps PDA open?

A

Prostaglandin

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26
Q

Resistance in blood vessel equation, most resistance in circulation comes from?

A

8ul/pir^4, arterioles

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27
Q

most anterior part of heart in CT scan, most posterior?

A

Right ventricle, Left atrium

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28
Q

RALS

A

pulmonary artery location in reference to bronchus

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29
Q

obstructive vs restrictive FEV1

A

obstructive FEV1 is more dramatically reduced than FVC

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30
Q

6th arch gives rise to?

A

DA, pulmonary arteries

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31
Q

When does heart start beating in embryo?

A

week 4

32
Q

alveolar gas equation vs alveolar ventilation

A

150- PC02/0.8 vs (Vt-Vd)xRR

33
Q

MHC Class 1 vs MHC class 2

A

CD8/intracellular/all cells vs CD4/extracellular/DC,MP,B

34
Q

When does physiological herniation and return happen

A

6th week and 10 week, rotates 270 counterclockwise

35
Q

gastroschisis vs omphalocele

A

CELEd by peritoneum

36
Q

paraumbilical veins drain to which vein during portal hypertension?

A

epigastric veins

37
Q

hesselbach’s triangle borders

A

inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric vessels, rectus abdominis

38
Q

umbilical veins in embryo becomes

A

ligamentum teres

39
Q

how is glucose and sugar absorbed in Small intestine?

A

SGLT1, GLUT5 respectively. pumped into portal vein by GLUT2

40
Q

stool-osmolality gap high vs low

A

high= osmotic diarrhea, low = secretory diarrhea. 290-2(Na + K)

41
Q

medial umbilical fold contains which structure, how about lateral?

A

umbilical artery (branch of internal iliac) so you can find uterine artery. lateral = inferior epigastric

42
Q

annular pancreas?

A

ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum and causes problems

43
Q

meckel diverticulum

A

remains of vitelline duct, may contain gastric/pancreatic tissue

44
Q

Adrenal cortex and medulla are derived from?

A

cortex= mesoderm, medulla= neural crest

45
Q

layers of adrenal gland

A

GFR- glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, salt-sugar-sex

46
Q

anterior/posterior pituitary glands are derived from?

A

rathke’s pouch (oral ectoderm) / neuroectoderm

47
Q

insulin dependent GLUT ?

A

GLUT4

48
Q

what negatively regulates prolactin?

A

dopamine

49
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH

A

if you have a 1, more sex hormone

50
Q

which hormones in pituitary are basophilic/eosinophilic

A

B-FLAT/ Pigs are pink

51
Q

ureteric bud vs mesonephric mesenchyme/blastema gives rise to?

A

everything after collecting ducts (calyces, pelvis, ureter) vs everything up to DCT

52
Q

potter sequence

A

POTTER pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios, twisted face and twisted skin, extremity dfects, renal failure

53
Q

horsheshoe kidney

A

fused kidneys get stuck at IMA during its ascent

54
Q

renal blood flow

A

renal artery, segmental, IAIA(afferent), efferent, vasa recta, peritubular capillaries

55
Q

water under the bridge

A

ureters pass under uterine artery or vas deferens

56
Q

3 layers of barriers in glomerulus

A

fenestrated capillary endothelium, basement membrane with heparan sulfate, podocytes

57
Q

clearance equation

A

Urine concentration * Volume of urine / Plasma concentration

58
Q

inulin/creatinine/PAH

A

used to measure GFR/RPF

59
Q

equation for filtration fraction and how much is typical FF?

A

GFR/RPF, 20%

60
Q

explain RAAS

A

Macula densa cells sense low BP, low Na delivery and secretes renin. Angiotensin II constricts efferent more than afferent, maintains GFR in low blood volume states, but also increases Na+ absorption to increase BP and BV

61
Q

types of diuretics

A

CA inhibitors, mannitol (osmotic diuresis) Loop diuretics, thiazide, K+ sparing

62
Q

male development embryology

A 
mesonephric duct (wolffian). sertoli cells secrete mullerian inhibitory factor which suppresses paramesonephric duct growth. leydig cells secrete androgens that stimulate mesonephric duct growth.
Leydig leads/ sertoli shuts down
63
Q

ovarian ligament

A

latches ovary to lateral uterus

64
Q

cardinal ligament

A

contain the uterine vessels

65
Q

suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

contains ovarian vessels

66
Q

broad ligaments

A

contain ovaries, tubes, round ligament of uterus

67
Q

round ligament

A

connects uterus to labia majora, derivative of gubernaculum

68
Q

most common area for cervical cancer

A

squamocolumnar junction

69
Q

sertoli cell functions

A

produce MIF, Androgen binding protein, sperm nurturing/synthesis, BTB (blood testes barrier), inhibin B inhibits FSH production

70
Q

2 pauses in female reproductive cycle

A

Meiosis 1-prophase 1 = until ovulation. Meiosis 2-metaphase 2 = until sperm met an egg

71
Q

DHT

A

converted from testosterone by 5areductase. development of penis, scrotum and prostate

72
Q

hCG

A

made by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta, maintains corpus luteum at first to keep making estrogen and progesterone, but later the placenta takes over. similar structure to TSH

73
Q

path of ovum to uterus

A

ovary, fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural

74
Q

granulosa cells

A

convert androgen to estrogen using aromatase

75
Q

cardio changes during pregnancy

A

increased CO, preload. anemia because plasma increases a lot more than RBC, hypercoagulability, hyperventilation

76
Q

syncytiotrophoblast vs cytotrophoblast

A

makes hCG and other hormones. no MHC class I, outer layer of chorionic villi. vs. inner layer, cell.

77
Q

theca lutein vs granulosa lutein

A

theca lutein makes testosterone, granulosa converts into estrogen and progesterone

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