Cardio

Question 1

most common embryologic heart defect

affects what portion of hear

Answer 1

IVS defect

membranous (25%)

Question 2

what does foramen oval form

what is it’s function

Answer 2

fossa ovalis

shunts blood from left to right because lung aren’t functioning in neonate

Question 3

what is the difference between adult and fetal hemaglobin

Answer 3

fetal: alpha2 gamma2 (gamma binds 02 more than beta)
adult: alpha2 beta2

Question 4

when do sx of sickle cell anemia show up?

Answer 4

around 6 months when fetal hemoglobin is depleted

Question 5

most likely symptom of persistent foramen oval?

Answer 5

if it doesn’t close may see cyanosis

Question 6

what form of persistent truncus arteriosis is more compatible with life?

Answer 6

unequal divison

Question 7

tetrology of fallot

Answer 7

• persistent truncus arteriosis (aorta takes over and pulmonic valve gets stenotic)
• right ventricular hypertrophy
• VSD
• pulmonary stenosis

Question 8

fetal circulation

what does it bypass?

Answer 8

oxygenated blood from umbilical vein

bypasses the liver because mothers liver does the work

Question 9

what shunt bypasses liver in fetal circulation?

Answer 9

ductus venosis/ligamentum venosum

Question 10

what shunt shunts blood from pumonic artery to aorta to bypass the lungs?

Answer 10

ductus arteriosis/ligamentum artereosum

Question 11

does placenta exchange blood?

Answer 11

No, not on a large scale

Question 12

what does mother take from baby?

what does baby take from mother

Answer 12

give: metabolites that need to be removed as waste
take: o2 and nutrients, immunoglobulins (IgG), drugs, nicotine, alcohol, teratogens, listeria, etc.

Question 13

what is a landmark for fetal heart development

Answer 13

week 4

4 chambers and a beating heart

Question 14

stages of fetal erythropoesis where blood gets made

Answer 14

1: yolk sac (3 weeks - 8 weeks)
2: liver (6 weeks - )
3: spleen (9 weeks - 28 weeks)
4: bone marrow (takes over at 9 weeks)

Question 15

what is main organ that produces blood in utero?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

cardiac output

Answer 16

CO = SV x HR

amount of blood out of heart during systole

Question 17

what is associated with poor CO

Answer 17

cardiomyopathies

CHF

Question 18

sympathetic

Answer 18

pupils dilate
lungs dilate
HR increases

Question 19

parasympathetic

Answer 19

pupils constrict
lungs bronchoconstrict
HR decreases
AcH and vagus nerve communicate to heart to decrease rate

Question 20

What determines conduction/HR
rate?
AV rate
bundle of HIS rate

Answer 20

SA node in top r atrium
70-90bpm
40-60
15-40

Question 21

what communicates with SA node

with AV node?

Answer 21

R vagus

L vagus to slow

Question 22

stroke volume
what is sv determined by?
normal ejection fraction

Answer 22

end diastolic minus end systolic
determined by: contractility, TPR, preload, SV, compliance
55-70%

Question 23

what decreases HR?

Answer 23

beta blockers and Ca CH blockers

Question 24

what does increased BP do to after load and SV?

Answer 24

increases after load and decreases SV

Question 25

what organ gets the most blood?

what organ has the highest flow rate of blood?

Answer 25

liver

kidney

Question 26

what makes heart muscle different than skeletal muscle?

Answer 26

• autorhymicity: myocytes at SA node, funny sodium channels (Naf), Ca.
• prolonged Ca channels: slow type Ca for slow prolonged contraction
• skeletal muscle can increase motor units to increase contraction but heart can’t increase numbers.

Question 27

syncytium

Answer 27

pores so signal gets to all cells in heart simultaneously to contraction happens at the same time

Question 28

what channel is unique to heart muscle

Answer 28

slow type ca channel

Question 29

what allows SA/AV nodes to discharge

Answer 29

funny Na channels

Question 30

capillaries grow due to

Answer 30

hypoxial/low oxygen state

Question 31

types of capillaries

Answer 31

1. continuous: single cell layer, no breaks, in BBB
2. fenustrated: holes in capillaries, leaky, in kidney, intestines, pancreas
3. discontinous/sinusoidal: lets a lot through, in liver, spleen, marrow

Question 32

majority of blood is where?

Answer 32

in venous system (64%)

capilarries (20%)

Question 33

oncotic pressure

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 33

moves things into capillaries

moves things out