Cardio - 4 Q's Flashcards
cardiac disease is often 2ndary except for when
congenital malformations
when is cardiac disease often reported
as a finding on necropsy assoc. with acute mortalities
what are the NON-specific signs of cardiac disease
moves slow depression decreased food intake lying down decreased milk production weight loss posture: arched back, rigid, extended neck ventral, presternal edema increased resp. rate, dyspnea shifting lameness tachycardia
what are the specific signs of cardiac disease
pericarditis, friction rub
arrhythmias, murmurs
pericardial effusion: soft, splashing ‘washing machine’
decreased contractility, soft / indistinct
first step in cardiac evaluation
observation - venous congestion, jugular filling
what test to assess jugular filling
venous stasis test
what is the venous stasis test
occlude the jugular vein bilaterally
filling below the occlusion should disappear
if it doesn’t - >CVP
what is a ‘normal’ jugular pulse upon observation
carotid pulse + closure of mitral valves
observable at thoracic inlet
what is an abnormal jugular pulse upon observation
strong / moves up the groove
still present with venous stasis test
interpretation of jugular filling with small jugular pulse
cardiac tamponade
traumatic pericarditis
tricavity effusion
interpretation of jugular filling with moderate to strong jugular pulse
CHF / AV valve insufficiency LSA high altitude disease ionophore toxicity valvular endocarditis
normal HR in cow
50-80bpm
normal HR in sheep and goats
80-110bpm
normal HR in camelids
50-90bpm
valves to listen to
aortic
bicuspid
pulmonic
tricuspid
normally, how many heart sounds
two sounds, may hear a split on first sound
reason for asynchronous closure of AV valves
murmurs
what types of murmurs are possible
physiological
pathological
what is a reason for a physiological murmur
anemia
pathological murmurs
systolic
diastolic
presystolic
systolic murmur
AV insufficiency or Aortic / Pulmonary artery stenosis
diastolic murmur
Aortic / Pulmonary insufficiency
presystolic murmur
stenosis of AV valves
aside from observation, venous stasis, and auscultation, what else can we do to assess cardiac function?
central venous pressure
ultrasound
what does deficient ventricular filling lead to
decreased venous return
what can be the cause of decreased venous return
venous obstruction
what are the possible reasons for venous obstruction
jugular thrombophlebitis
caudal vena cava thrombosis
when do we see jugular thrombophlebitis
cervical lymphadenopathy / abscesses
T. pyogenes following injection
multicentric LSA
what do we see with jugular thrombophlebitis
jugular distension
presternal edema
head edema - horses
bradycardia
what tests to run with jugular thrombophlebitis
physical exam
imaging
chemistry
when do we see caudal vena cava thrombosis
thoracic lymphadenopathy / abscess
CL
T. pyogenes
multicentric LSA
what do we see with caudal vena cava thrombosis
cyanotic induration liver liver cirrhosis necrotizing hepatosis visceral edema diarrhea regurgitation vagal indigestion
what tests to run with caudal vena cava thrombosis
physical exam
imaging
chemistry
reasons for deficient ventricular ejection
CHF genetic / congenital maformations genetic pulmonary hypertension e-lyte disturbances rhythm disorders vegetative endocarditis myocarditis / myocardial failure toxicities LSA
what are the genetic / congenital malformations that can lead to deficient ventricular ejection
VSD
tetralogy of fallot
genetic pulmonary hypertension
what is the most common cyanotic congenital disorder in calves
tetralogy of fallot
what are the components of T of F
pulmonic stenosis ventricular septal defect overriding aorta right ventricular hypertrophy (as a result of pulmonic stenosis)
what toxicities can lead to deficient ventricular ejection
ionophores: gossypol
what type of electrolyte disturbances can lead to deficient ventricular ejection
calcium
magnesium
potassium
what rhythm disorders can lead to deficient ventricular ejection
a-fib
heart block
what can a-fib and heart block lead to
murmurs pulmonary congestion cyanosis abnormal rhythm / intensity blood gas changes shifting lameness changes in respiratory rate
common organism in vegetative endocarditis
t. pyogenes - right AV valve insufficiency
organisms that contribute to myocarditis and myocardial failure
h. somni / clostridium
blue tongue / foot and mouth
vitamin E / copper
what does deficient ventricular filling / ejection lead to
decreased venous return / cardiac output
