cardio Flashcards
what is the outer fibrous layer of the heart called?
pericardium
what is found on the inside of the pericardium?
epicardium
what is the name of the tissue that makes up most of the heart?
myocardium
what is the smooth lining of the inner service of the cavities of the heart?
endocardium
what is the pathway of blood flow starting with S and I vena cava?
S. and I vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta
atrioventricular valves prevent back flow of blood during?
ventricular systole
AV valves are anchored by?
chordae tendineae to papillary muscles
the walls of the _____ are thicker and stronger than the _____ and form most of the ____ side and apex of the heart
left ventricle
right ventricle
left
name the 2 AV valves
tricuspid
bicuspid/mitral
tricuspid valve is found on the ____ side
right
mitral valve is on the _____ side
left
semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood where?
from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles
when do the semilunar valves prevent back flow?
diastole
what are the two semilunar valves?
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
the pulmonary valve prevents ___ back flow
right
the aortic valve prevent _____ backflow
left
systole is the period of ventricular _______
contraction
end-systolic volume is
amount of blood in the ventricles after systole ( 50ml )
diastole is the period of ventricular ______
relaxation and filling of blood
end diastolic volume
about of blood in blood in ventricles after diastole ( 120 mL)
atrial contraction is AKA
atrial kick
inatrial kick occurs when?
last 1/3 of diastole and completes ventricular filling
Right coronary artery supplies?
R atrium most of R ventricle inferior wall of L ventricles AV node and bundle of HIS supplies SA node 60% of the time
the SA node receives blood from the _____ 60% of the time
RCA
Left coronary artery supplies most of the blood to the ______ and divides into two main divisions: ___ and ____
left ventricle
left anterior descending
circumflex
left anterior descending supplies
left ventricle
interventricular septum
circumflex supplies
lateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle
portions of left atrium
supplies SA node 40% of time
circumflex supplies the SA node _____ percent of the time
40%
SA node rhythm for heart is?
60-100 beats per min
AV node rhythm is set at ______ BPM.
40-60
purkinje fibers have an intrinsic firing rate of ___-___ BPM
20-40
stroke volume:
the amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction
55-100 mL per beat
what 3 things effect stroke volume?
left ventricular end diastolic volume ( LVEDV)
contractility
afterload
what is Frank-Starlings Law?
the greater the diastolic filling (preload) the greater quantity of blood pump
LVEDV is AKA
preload
what is afterload?
the force the Left ventricle must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per min
what is the average CO
at rest, 4-5 L per min
CO = ______ x ________
stroke volume x heart rate
cardiac index = CO/
body surface area
cardiac index norm is
2.5-3.5 L/min
LVEDP during diastole is normally?
5-12 mm Hg
ejection fraction
percentages of blood emptied from the ventricles during systole
Ejection fraction
SV/ LVEDP
normal EF should be over _____ percent
55%
diastolic filling time ______ with increased HR and with heart disease
decreases
what is the primary site for vascular resistance?
arterioles
_____ veins are the only ones that follow arteries
deep
venous circulation is influenced by?
muscle contraction
gravity
respiration
compliancy of R heart
with respiration, _____ increases blood flow back to the heart
inspiration
cholinergic is sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation?
parasympathetic
parasympathetic stimulation _____ the rate of myocardial contraction, _______ myocardial metabolism, and cause coronary artery _________.
slows
decreases
vasoconstriction
adrenergic is sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation?
sym
sympathetic stimulation occurs via what cord segments
/
T1-T4
adrenergic does what to the coronary artery?
vasodilation
drugs that increase sympathetic function are known as?
sympathomimetics
drugs that decrease sympathetic function are known as?
sympatholytics
what is the main mechanism s for controlling heart rate?
baroreceptors
where are baroreceptors found?
walls of aortic arch and carotid sinus
increased right atrial pressure cause what reflex?
acceleration of the heart
increased C02 or decreased 02 results in what with the heart?
increase in HR
hyperkalemia is the result of _________ concentration of potassium ions which ________ the rate and force of contraction of the heart
increased
decreases
what would one see on a ECG of a person with hyperkalemia
widened PR interval and QRS interval
tall T waves
hypercalcemia has what effect on the heart
increases heart actions
hypocalcemia has what effect on the heart
depresses heart actions
normal HR for adult
for children
for newborn
60-100
60-140
127 ( 90-164)
give 2 examples of compensatory tachycardia?
surgery
dehydration
what is considered tachycardia?
over 100 bpm
what is considered bradycardia
under 60 bpm
what is postural tachycardia?
sustained heart rate increase 30 bpm within 10 mins of standing
S1 sound is what?
lub , closing of mitral and tricuspid valves
beginning of systole
S2 sound is what?
dub, closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
marks end of systole
p wave =
atrial depolarization
P-R interval =
time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje fibers
QRS =
ventricular depolarization
ST segment =
beginning of ventricular repolarization
T wave =
ventricular repolarization
QT interval=
time for electrical systole
