CARDIO 269

Question 1

What causes a positive ionotrophy

Answer 1

catecholamines, digoxin

Question 2

what causes a negative ionotrophy

Answer 2

Uncompensated HF, narcotic overdose

Question 3

what causes an increases venous return

Answer 3

Fluid Infusion, sympathetic activity

Question 4

what causes a dec in venous return

Answer 4

Acute Hemorrhage, Spinal anesthesia

Question 5

what increases TPR

Answer 5

Vasopressors

Question 6

what causes a dec in TPR

Answer 6

AV shunt, exercise

Question 7

what is isovolumetric contraction

Answer 7

period btw mitral valve closure an aortic valve opening

Period of highest oxygen consumption

Question 8

period btw the time the aortic valve opens and closes is called

Answer 8

systolic éjection

Question 9

period btw the aortic valve closure and the mitral valve opening is called

Answer 9

isovolumetric relaxation

Question 10

period just after mitral valve open is called

Answer 10

rapid filling

Question 11

what is reduced filling

Answer 11

period just BEFORE mitral valve closes

Question 12

when do u see an S3 sounds

Answer 12

when mitral valve opens

Question 13

when do you see s4 sound

Answer 13

just before mitral valve closes

Question 14

when do you hear the s1 sound and where is it loudest ?

Answer 14

mitral and tricuspid valve closure, loudest mitral area

Question 15

what drug worsens lithium toxicity (Tremors, confusion, Ataxia )

Answer 15

NSAIDS, Thiazides and ACE inhibitors

Question 16

what are the side effects of methotrexate

Answer 16

mouth ulcers, nausea, hepatotoxicity (inc AST & ALT), bone marrow suppression (take Folinic acid for reversal) Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 17

what is metalloproteinease and what it his function

Answer 17

a zinc containing enzyme that degrades collagen, laminin and fibronectin.
it is essential for proper tissue remodeling during wound healing.

Question 18

what disease do you use Hydroxychloroquine to treat

Answer 18

RA & SLE

Question 19

S.E of minocycline

Answer 19

a tetracycline (photosensitivity & dermatitis)

Question 20

Naproxen S.E

Answer 20

an NSAIDS (gastic ulcers and acute kidney injury)

Question 21

what is the virulent factor for Acute rheumatic fever

Answer 21

M protein & anti-n-acetyl-beta- D glucosamine cross react with CNS and Cardiac cells

Question 22

what type of hypersensitivity is acute rheumatic fever?

Answer 22

Type 2

Question 23

soap bubble lesion in the brain refers to what pathology

Answer 23

cryptococcus neorformins (latex agglutination test is more specific than india ink)

Question 24

headache , facial pain and black necrotic eschar on face what diseaze

Answer 24

rhizopus and mucor

Question 25

pressure equation

Answer 25

p= Q*R

Question 26

viscosity depends mostly on that?

Answer 26

Hematocrit

Question 27

3 things that increase viscosity

Answer 27

Polycythemia, Hereditary spherocystosis, hyperproteinemic state ( multiple myeloma)

Question 28

cause of dec viscosity

Answer 28

anemia

Question 29

resistance is directly proportional to

Answer 29

viscosity and vessel length and inversely proportional to radius to 4th power

Question 30

What vessel has the most TPR

Answer 30

Arterioles regulate capillary flow

Question 31

what group of people should you reduce the dose of digoxin or avoid it

Answer 31

Elderly due to decrease kidney functions (poor renal clearance)

Question 32

what s2 sound

Answer 32

aortic and pulmonary

Question 33

what sound is heard in early diastole

Answer 33

s3

Question 34

S3 is associated with what?

Answer 34

Dilated cardiomyopathy, CHF, normal in pregnant women nd children

Question 35

what heart sound is heard in late diastole

Answer 35

s4

Question 36

a wave

Answer 36

atrial contraction

Question 37

C wave

Answer 37

RV contraction

Question 38

x descent

Answer 38

atrial relaxation and downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during ventricular contraction

Question 39

absent x decent is seen

Answer 39

tricuspid regurg

Question 40

v wave

Answer 40

inc RA pressure due to filling against a close tricuspid valve

Question 41

y descent

Answer 41

blood flow frm RA to RV

Question 42

what is the physiological reason for a split

Answer 42

anything that causes pulmonary valve to close later leads to a split

Question 43

in a normal split what valve closes first

Answer 43

aortic valve then pulmonary valve in S1

Question 44

where do you see wide splitting

Answer 44

seen in condition that delay RV emptying | Pulmonary stenosis and Right bundle branch block

Question 45

fixed spliting

Answer 45

ASD

Question 46

paradoxical splitting

Answer 46

anything that delay the left ventricle from emptying | aortic stenosis and left bundle branch block