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small animal medicine 2 > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what is preload

A

volume; how%much%blood%coming%back

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2
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure;how hard the heart works to get blood out

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3
Q

explain the frank sterling rule

A

what.goes.in.must.come out./.move in.=.squeeze.
harder;ability of heart to contract in response to changes in venous return
increase in venous return-increase in sv

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4
Q

heart first priority

A

1.=.maintain.normal.systemic.arterial.pressure%
(#2.maintain.normal.tissue.blood.flow,.#3.maintain.normal.
systemic.and.pulmonary.capillary.pressure),

decrease in contractibility results in decreased ability to get rid of the preload–⇒failed starling

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5
Q

heart dz in texas u should suspect in a dog with heart failure

A

trypanosome/chagis

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6
Q

signs of CHF

A

backwardsfailure,

respiratory signs,

ascites

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7
Q

signs of decreased CO (late onset)

A 
forward failure (exercise
intolerance,syncope,prerenal azotemia,cyanosis)
  • Exercise.intolerance.may.be.first.sign
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8
Q

what is CHF

A
  • end stage for many heart .diseases,
  • pulmonary edema (dogLIside backwards fail common),
  • pleural effusion(catL/R fail),

hepatic.congestion/ascites.(RFside.backwards.fail),

.jug. vein.distention(can see%quickly),

cachexia

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9
Q

APPARENCE OF A PATIENT WITH CHF

A
  • Appearance: anxious, open mouth breathing,orthopnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea
  • Syncope:exertion/excitement,stiff forelimbs, pee, wake up fine
  • Seizure:tonic clonic, defecate, can happen at rest
  • Cough:mainstem.bronchi.compression,with CHF or heart fail, pneumonitis.and.vascular.Dz.2°.to.HWD,.non cardiac.(airway,.parenchymal,.pleural.space)

⇒doesnt indicate CHF necessarily

  • PE: check mm, CRT (anemia, poor perfusion, differential cyanosis), ab palpate (fluid wave), jug%pulse, chest palpate (precordium),

arterial pulse abnormal (pulse pressure difference, auscultate

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10
Q

define grade 1 murmur

A

very faint,heard only after lister has turned inmay not be heard in all positions

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11
Q

describe type 2 murmur

A

quite but heard immeiately after placing a stethoscope on the chest

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12
Q

describe a type 3 murmur

A

moderate loud

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13
Q

discribe type 4 murmur

A

loud with palpable thrill (tremor or vibration felt on palpation)

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14
Q

describe grade 5 murmur

A

very loud with thrill,may be heard when the stethoscope is partly off the chest

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15
Q

describe grade 6 murmur

A

very loud with thrill .may be heard with the stephoscope entirely off the chest

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16
Q

describe the jug pulse and list causes

A
  • increase in the venous P (RFside.fail(tricuspid dz, pulmonary increase in BP, carval syndrome),
  • pericardial.Dz,.
  • volume.overload,.
  • Cr..mediastinal.mass)
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17
Q

describe concentric hypertrophy

A

its due to increase in bp

parallel fibers

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18
Q

describe eccentric hypertrophy

A

increase in volume

outward series fibers

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19
Q

escribe neurohormonal activaion in any cardiac failure

A

compensatory in any heart failure

  • increase in symphathetic tone
  • decrease in PNS tone
  • activate RAAS and ADH
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20
Q

LIST THE ACE INHIBITORS

A
  • ENALPRIL
  • BENAZEPRIL
  • LISINOPRIL
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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACE INHIBITORS

A
  • VASODILATE (SOME MAY ARTERIO-DILATE)
  • MODERATE NEUROHOMONAL ACTIVITY(INHIBIT RAAS)
  • DECREASE RESISTANCE IN BLOOD VESSELS (DECREASE PRELOAD AND AFTERLOAD)
  • DECREASED WATWER RETENTION (CAUTION IN RENAL FAILURE)
  • DCM
  • DECREASE BP
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22
Q

LIST THE DIURETICS USED TO TREAT HEART FAILURE

A
  • FUROSEMIDE
  • SPIRONOLACTONE
  • CHLOTHIAZIDE
  • HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
  • FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE IN CHF
  • ONCE CONTROLLED, GRADUALLY DECREASE THE DOSE
  • +/- ANOTHER DRUG (BENAZAPRIL,ENALAPRIL)
  • DECREASE PRELOAD
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23
Q

LIST THE POSITIVE IONOTROPES

A
  • DIGOXIN
  • PIMOBENDAN
  • DOPAMINE
  • DOBUTAMINE
    *
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24
Q

DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POSITIVE INOTROPHES

A
  • INCREASES MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY
  • GOOD IF YOU HAV MYOCARDIAL FAILURE (MEASURE SHORTENED FRACTION)
  • MODERATE EXCESS NEUROHORMONAL ACTIVITY
  • DCM
    *
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25
Q

DISCUSS DIGOXINE

A
  • IT IS A WEAK INOTROPH
  • IT DECREASES CONDUCTION VELOCITY THRU AV
  • IT DECREASES THE HEART RATE
  • BETER AS AN ANTIARRHYMIC DRUG
  • NA/K/ATPASE INHIBITOR
  • INCREASE CA
    *
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26
Q

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF DIGOXIN

A

EVENTHOUGH IT IS GOOD AT DECREASING THE SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS, IT CAUSES VENTRICULAR ARRTHMIAS

IT INCREASES CA IN THE INTRAVENTRICULAR CELLS

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27
Q

DISCUSS PINOBENDAN

A

IONOTROPH AND VASODILATOR

IT WORKS BY ENHANCEING MYOCARDIAL CELL SENSITIVITY TO ICF CA CAUSING INOTROPIC EFFECTS, INHIBITS PHOSPHOSTERASE 111, ARTERIAL AND VENOUS DILATION,

IT PROLONGS THE SURVIVAL OF THE DCM DOG

IT WORKS IN TWO WAYS;

  1. IT SENSITISE THE MYOCARDIUM CAUSING THE HEART TO CONTRACT HARDER AND WORKS ON THE PHERIPHERY TO DILATE THE BV
  2. it decreases the afterload so making the heart work less while increasing contractility to help the heart get the blood out
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28
Q

LIST THE CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A

DILTIAZEM%

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29
Q

DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A
  • control%rhythm%%
  • promote myocardial relaxation with HCM
  • slows A-fiber in dogs
  • decrease BP
  • amlodipine=peripheral (CHF)
  • diltiazemI=central (HCM)
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30
Q

list the B blockers

A
  • ATENOLOL
  • PROPRANOLOL
  • CARVEDILOL
  • SOTALOL
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31
Q

list the characteristics of b blockers

A
  • antagonize SNS
  • decreases HR and BP
  • DECREASE HEART O2 DEMAND
  • control rhythm (AIfib,ARVC/Boxers)
  • digoxin to decrease HR with A-fiber in dogs
  • HCM,DCM
  • congenital malformations
  • caution with myocardial failure
  • n.b it is fantastic in kitty cards with myocardial dz
  • it chills stuff up.
    the only thing keeping the dog alive is the crazy heart so if u give the b blocker then u might kill the dog
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32
Q

characteristics of vasodilators

A
  • increases the venous capacitance
  • decrease preload
  • dilate veins
  • reduce congestion
  • volume redistribution
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33
Q

list the arteriodilators

A
  • NITROPRUSSIDE
  • HYDRALAZINE
  • AMLODIPINE
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34
Q

discuss the characterists of arteriodilators

A
  • severe decrease in BP (do not use with P overload i.e subaotic stenosis
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35
Q

describe pulmonary edema in dogs

A

canine left sided backward heart failure

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36
Q

describe pleural effusion in cats

A

either left or right sided heart failure

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37
Q

give an example of a right sided backward heart failure

A

hepatic congestion/ascites

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38
Q

clinical signs of CHF

A
  • end stage for many cardiac dz
  • pulmonary edema-dogs-left sided….
  • pleural effusion in cats (both left and right)
  • hepatic congestion/ascites
  • jajular vein distension
  • cachexia
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39
Q

appearance of a dog with CHF

A
  • anxious
  • tachypnea-shoort and shallow breaths due to pulmonary edema
  • orthopnea and elbow ubducted
  • hyperapnea-increased depth ue to hypoxia and hypercarbia
  • inspiration vs expiration–upper airway vs lower airway
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40
Q

signs of syncope

A
  • exertion or excitement
  • rear limb weakness
  • sudden collapse
  • lateral recumbency
  • stiffness of the forelimbs and epistotonos
  • micturition
  • vocalization\
  • hypoxia
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41
Q

possible causes of coughing

A
  • CHF
  • mainstem bronchi compression
  • pneumonitis and vascular disease secondary to HWD
  • non cardiac dz
    • airway dz
    • parenchymal z
    • pleural space dz
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42
Q

causes of right side heart failure

A
  • tricuspid dz
  • pulmonary hypertension
  • caval syndrome
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43
Q

causes of increased venous pressure

A
  • right sided cardiac failure
    • pulmonary hypertension
    • caval syndrome
    • tricuspid dz
  • pericardial dz
  • volume overload
  • cr. mediastinal mass
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44
Q

concentric hypetrophy

A
  • increases in P
    • fibers added in parallel
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45
Q

eccentric hypertrophy

A
  • increase in volume
    • dibers adde in series
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46
Q

causes of decreased cardiac output

A
  • dilated cardiomyopathy
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47
Q

dicuss the neurohormonal activity that compenate for cardiac failure

A
  • increased sympathetic tone
  • decreased parasympathetic tone
  • activation of the RAAS AND ADH/VP
48
Q

CONSEQUENCE OF SYSTOLIC MYOCARDIAL FAILURE

A

CANNOT GET BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART

49
Q

DISCUSS DIASTOLIC MYOCARDIAL FAILURE

A
  • hypertrophic cadiomyopathy-probem in diastole.
  • the heart receicve blood in diastole.if the heart is fast,less blood goes to the heart
50
Q

DIURETIC DRUG USED IN CHF

A
  • FUROCEMIDE
    • IT DECREASE PRELOAD
51
Q

WHICH DRUGS ARE USED TO CAUSE VOLUME REDISTRIBUTION IN CHF

A
  • VENODILATORS
    • NITROGLYCERINE OITMENT
    • NITROPRUSSIDE ICU
52
Q

ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS USED TO TREAT CHF

A
  • OPIODS
  • DIAZEPAM
    • ACEPROMAZINE
53
Q

DRUGS THAT MINIMISE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION IN CHF

A
  • AMINOPHYLLINE
54
Q

DRUGS THAT DECREASE AFTERLOAD IN CHF

A
  • ARTERIODILATORS
    • HYDRALAZINE
    • ENALAPRIL
    • AMLODIPINE
55
Q

DDX FOR CRACKLES

A
  • PNEUMONIA
  • PLEURAL FLUID
56
Q

DRUGS THAT INCREASES MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION IN MYOCARDIAL FAILURE

A
  • PIMOBENDAN
  • DOBUTAMINE
  • AMRINONE
57
Q

DRUGS FOR TREATING HYPERTOPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN CATS

A
  • B BLOCKERS
    • THEY ARE Ca. channel blockers
58
Q

discuss diet for animals wth chronic CHF

A
  • salt restricitions
  • L-carnitine
  • taurine
59
Q

what should u be concerned about when tx a patient with CHf with spironolactone

A
  • monitor K levels
    • its an aldosterone antagonist diuretic
60
Q

which diuretic should u not used in CHF patients with kidney dz

A
  • thiazides
61
Q

list the ace inhibitors used to tx CHF

A
  • enalapril
    • used in patients with proteinuria
  • benazepril
    • Mainly for neuroendocrine modulating effects
    • Arterial dilator–decrease artetial bp
    • caution in renal failure
62
Q

list the vasodilatic drugs used in CHF

A
  • hydralazine–arterial effects
  • amlodipine
    • ca channel blocker.better than hydralazine
      amlodipine
    • it is a very good vasodilator
      works on the periphery
63
Q

list the positive ionotrophs use to tx chf

A
  • pimobendan
    • Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor
    • ionodilator
    • sensitice the heart to ca and makes it beat harder.
    • it also acts on the periphery to dilate bv

it decreases the afterload so making the heart work less while increasing contractility to help the heart get the blood out

  • digoxin
    • ​Also anti-and pro-arrhythmic
    • Na+/K+ATPase inhibitor
    • increases ca
64
Q

discuss mechanism of action for pimobendan

A
  • it is a positive inotroph
    • Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor
    • ionodilator
    • it sensitice the heart to ca and makes it beat harder.
    • it also acts on the periphery to dilate bv

it decreases the afterload so making the heart work less while increasing contractility to help the heart get the blood out

* decreases the afterload and increase the heart contractability
65
Q

discuss the mechanisms of digoxin

A
  • Also anti-and pro-arrhythmic
  • Na+/K+ATPase inhibitor
  • ↑Ca++
  • it has lots of side effects
    • it decreases the supraventricular arrrhythmias ( good)
    • while causing ventricular arryhythmia.it fix 1 and cause the other
    • it increeases ca in the intraventricular cells
66
Q

iscuss use of b blockers

A
  • for kitty cat.fantastic for arrrhymias
  • Caution with myocardial failure—it chills stuff up.
    the only thing keeping the dog alive is the crazy heart so if u give the b blocker then u might kill the dog
  • HCM
  • Arrhythmias
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • ARVC/Boxers
67
Q

CA CHANNEL BLOCKER WORKING ON THE HEART

A
  • DILTIAZEM
68
Q

CA CHANNEL BLOCKER USED TO TX CHF AND WORKING ON THE PERIPHERY

A

AMLODINE

69
Q

PRIMARY HEART DZ OF CATS

A
  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy–COMMON IN DOGS
  • Congenital
  • Ventricular Septal Defects VSD
  • Valve malformations
70
Q

SECONDARY CARDIAC DISEASES IN CATS

A
  • THYROTOXIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
  • SYSTEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
    • cause heart dz due to increase in afterload.
      heart gets bigger coz iT has to work harder
      it is secondary hypermyopathy
71
Q

main characteristics of HCM

A
  • idiopathic L ventricular hypertrophy
  • systolic murmur felt on sternum
  • diastolic failure
  • systolic anterior motion of mitral valve
  • aotic thromboembolism
  • sudden death
72
Q

describe the mechanism/progression of HCM

A
  • increase in LA and Pv pressure
  • LA dilate,pulmonary congestion, edema→ thrombus→SAM/Dynamic outflow obstruction→AF
73
Q

DISCUSS TX FOR HCM

A
  • B BLOCKERS( ATENOLOL)
  • CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS (DIALTIAZEM)
  • ACE INHIBITORS (BENZEPRIL)
74
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

A
  • IDIOPATHIC
  • LV ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS
  • GALLOP RHYTHM
75
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF HCM

A
  • IDIOPATHIC IV HYPERTROPHY
  • SYSTOLIC MURMUR HEARD ON THE STERNUM
  • GALLOP RHYTHM
  • LEFT/BIVENTRICULAR CHF
  • DIASTOLIC FAILURE
  • SAM→OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION
  • ATE-OBSTRUCTIVE AOTIC EMBOLISM
  • ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  • SUDDEN DEATH
76
Q

BJECTIVES FOR TX HCM

A
  • VENTRICULAR FILLING
  • RELIEVE CONGESTION
  • CONTROL ARRTHMIAS
  • MINIMISE ISHEMIA
  • PREVENT TBE
77
Q

CAUSE OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

A
  • IDIOPATHIC
  • LEFT VENTRICULAR ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS
78
Q

SIGNALMENT FOR RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

MIDDLE AGE TO OLDER CATS

79
Q

CS OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

A
  • SAME AS HCM
  • Systolic murmur HEARD ON Sternum
  • Gallop rhythm
  • Left/biventricular CHF
  • •ATE
  • •Ventricular arrythmias
  • Sudden death
80
Q

DEGENERATIVE VALVE DZ

A

ENDOCARDIOSIS

81
Q

UP TO PG 55

A
82
Q

what is the prognosis for dobbermans with DCM

A

IF DX WITH DCM WITH CONCURENT CHF THEN WE DIE QUICKLY

83
Q

WHICH SIDE OF THE HEART IS MOSTLY AFFECTED WITH PERICARIAL DZ

A
  • RIGHT SIDED CHF COZ THE RIGHT VENTRICLE IS WIMPY.
  • THE LEFT SIDE IS MUCH STRONGER
  • THINK ABOUT IT AS A HEART INSIDE A BOX WITH WATER AROUND IT PUSHING ON IT
84
Q

causes of pericardial effusion

A
  • hemorrhage
  • exudate
  • transdudate
  • coagulopathies
  • trauma
85
Q

list all the things that cuase transdudate which altimately results in pericardial effusion

A
  • hypoproteinemia
  • heart base mass
  • CHF
  • HERNIA
    *
86
Q

list all the things that cuase EXUDATION which altimately results in pericardial effusion

A
  • PERFORATION-FB
  • FIP-CATS, NORCARDIA-RARE
  • DOG-FUNGUAL
87
Q

which valves likes to regurgitate

A

mitral and tricuspid

88
Q

which valves likes to stenose

A
  • pulmonic and
  • aotic
89
Q

combination of ventricular and atrial septal defect

A

fallot of tetralogy

90
Q

what kind of a murmur is subaotic stenosis

A

crescendo-decrescendo murmur

91
Q

where do u hear subaotic stenosis( sas) the loudest

A
  • loudest over the heart base
  • musical
  • can radiate anywhere
  • you can hear the murmur on top of their heads
92
Q

what kind of a murmur is pulmonic stenosis

A

crescendo/decrescendo

93
Q

where do u hear pulmonic stenosis the most

A

over left heart base

94
Q

the best way to tx PA

A
  • ballon valvuloplasty
  • u gonna blow the valve and creat pulmonic insufficiency which is much better than PA
95
Q

when do u fix pda vs ps

A
  • pda= right away
  • ps=can wait
96
Q

ich animals arelikely to get vsd

A

cats more than dogs

97
Q

which conditions gives u systolic plateau murmur on the right side

A
  • vsd
  • tricuspid valve
98
Q

why do u get a functional ps with concurent left sided murmur when u have vsd

A

this is because more blood is shunted to the right side and more blood means there is going to be a lot trying to pass through the pulmonic valve hence ctreating a functional ps

99
Q

which type of atrial septal defect is more common dogs

A

fossa ovalis

100
Q
A
101
Q

main reason why we hav mitral insufficiency

A

endocardiosis

102
Q

primary ddx on a poodle with a murmur

A

endorcardiosis

103
Q

heard dz due to trypanosoma

A
  • acute endocardiosis
  • leads to dcm
104
Q

discuss changes in lefet sided backward failure

A
  • increase in capillary hydrostatic p
  • blood backs into lungs
105
Q

discuss right sided heart failure

A

ascites

portal hypertension

106
Q

which murmurs like to do crwscendo decreshendo

A

aotic and pulmonic stenosis

107
Q

which valves like to do holosystolic plateau murmurs

A
  • mitral and tricuspid and vsd
108
Q

most common canine cardiac dz

A

valvular endocardiosis

109
Q

sequela of valvular endocardiosis

A
  • volume overload
  • endocardial fibrosis
  • chf–usually before miocardial pump function decrease
  • left bronchial compression
  • chordae tendinae rupture
  • left atrial tears and rupture
  • atrial fibrillation
110
Q

valves mostly affected by endocarditis

A

aotic and mitral

111
Q

which endocardiosis predispose the dogs to endocarditis

A
  • mitral insufficiency
  • sas
112
Q
A
113
Q
A
114
Q
A
115
Q
A
116
Q
A

small animal medicine 2 (1 decks)

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