cardio Flashcards
2 basic functions of the cardio vascular sys
-transport essential substances in dynamic physiological conditions
-remove metabolic biproducts
others: maintence of fluids, regulate body temp
blood is required for all..
body functions and body systems
MAP
mean arterial pressure
this is the BP in arteries (tubules leaving the heart)
SVR=
systemic vascular resistance
CO=
cardiac output
HR=
heart rate
SV=
stroke volume
4 factors that influence SVR
vascular anatomy
vascular factors
tissues factors
neurohumoral factors
HR is influenced by
neurohumoral factors
inotropy is influenced by
neurohumoral factors
venous compliance is influenced by
neurohumoral factors
review chart
regulation of BP ensures..
blood flow
blood flood maintains..
nutrient and oxygen access
all body systems are connected. the upregulation of one causes..
an upregulation of all others.
the rate of X utilization changes based on physiological demands
ATP
increased activity= increase in X Need= increase in breathing and HR
ATP
cardiac output and oxygen consumption have a X relashionship
linear
id cardiac output increases, oxygen consumption..
increases
there is a major increase in X output during activity
cardiac output
when body is active (sympathetic) the blood is targeted to wards X areas, while it is X from non essential areas
essential areas
removed from non essential
systole means stiff which is …
contraction
diastole means dilatate which is
relaxation
CO is the .. (equation)
blood pumped per unit of time
(CO= volume/time)
HR equaiton
HR= beats/min
SV equation
SV= volume/beat
heart rate is an intrinsic control mechanism this means..
type of autonomic control. Intrinsic control mechanisms regulate body functions like heart rate or blood pressure through internal processes such as the baroreceptor reflex. These processes do not require external signals but instead adjust based on internal conditions
heart still beats after dead or outside the body
the heart can be desribed as neural and neurohumoralcontrol. def each
neural: Neural control refers to the regulation of body functions through the nervous system, which uses electrical impulses (action potentials) to transmit signals across neurons to specific target tissues, such as muscles or glands. This type of control is typically fast and short-term.
neurohumoralcontrol: Neurohumoral control (or neuroendocrine control) involves the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system. It refers to the regulation of physiological processes through both neural signals and hormones. In neurohumoral control, neurons release neurotransmitters that can influence the release of hormones from endocrine glands, which then affect various organs.
- Preload:
- Afterload:
- Chronotropy:
- Dromotropy:
- Inotropy:
- Lusitropy:
- Preload: Initial stretch of the heart prior to contraction
- Afterload: The force the heart must eject blood against
- Chronotropy: Heart rate (frequency of beats)
- Dromotropy: Conduction velocity (speed of impulse)
- Inotropy: Contractility (how hard the heart contracts)
- Lusitropy: Rate of relaxation (how fast the heart relaxes)
blood has a X flow
unidirectional
arteries go x form heart
arteries = away
veins go x heart
towards
blood flow
def
volume of blood that travels through a blood vessel
def
blood pressure
def
force blood exerted on walls of blood vessels
there is a higher pressure on the x side
arterial side
does systole or diastole take more time
diastole
def
vascular resistance
force that must be overcome to push blood through the circulation
in terms of vascular resistance,
does a larger dimater tube have higher or lower resistance
larger tube has less resistance
vasocontriction
contraction. tube gets smaller
, when it vasocontriction increases, resistance ..
increases
during vasodilation, resistance ..
decreases
increase in resistance causes x in flow
decrease in flow
poiseuille’s law
R=8Lη/πr4
R=Resistance
L=length
η=viscosity
r=radius
8 and π are constants
capillary
small blood vessels that serve as primary site for gas and nutrient exchange between cardio sys and tissues
the capillary bed is the
interface between arterial and venous circulation
lymph
vessels that drain excess fluid, fats, etc back into circulation
more activity in an area causes increase X of capillaries
increase # of capillaries
blood flow:
blood flows into X X
then into the XX
goes out of the heart in ot he lungs through the XX
goes back into the XX through the XX
into the X X
then the XX
and out to the body through the X
blood flow:
blood flows into R atrium
then into the R ventricle
goes out of the heart in ot he lungs through the pulmonary arteries
goes back into the L atrium through the Pulmonary veins
into the L ventricle
and out to the body through the aorta (cranial or caudal)
ventricle pressure is x arterial pressure
below
ventricle pumps x% of end-diastolic vol
70%
atrium pumps x% of end diastole vol
30%
Isovolumetric contraction
Isovolumetric contraction is a phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract, but no blood is ejected from the heart. It occurs between the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid) and the opening of the semilunar valves
.
arteries have x pressure
high
veins have x pressure
low
systemic circulation: L side of heart pumps..
oxygenated blood
pulmonary circualtion: R side of heart pumps ..
deoxygenated blood
blood flow:
list the order of blood flow starting at R atrium
Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs →
→ Pulmonary veins → Left atria → Left ventricle →
→ Aorta → Systemic arteries → Capillaries →
→ Systemic veins → Vena cava → Right atria →
blood pressure is high when leaving heart. pressure is almost x when back at the vena cava
zero
