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Cardiopulmonary > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained in the thoracic cavity

A

ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
heart and lungs
upper abdominal organs

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2
Q

where is the media stinum located

what is contained in the mediastinum

A

located between lung pleurae

heart
cardiac vasculature
esophagus
trachea
thymus
thoracic duct and lymph structures
phrenic nerve
cariave neural structures

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3
Q

what is the pericardium

A

outermost layer of the heart and is anchored to the diaphragm

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4
Q

what is the function of pericardial fluid

A

within the pericardial cavity

decreases friction that occurs during the cardiac cycle

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5
Q

what is the endocardium and what is its function

A

inner lining of the heart

contains electrical components

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6
Q

the right atria receives

A

deoxygenated blood from venae cavae

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7
Q

the left atria recieves

A

oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

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8
Q

compare/contrast right and left atria

A

left atria has thicker walls to accommodate higher pressure coming from pulmonary circulation

both have auricles to increase capacity

both have pectinate mm to increase strength of atrial contractions

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9
Q

the right ventricle (sends/receives blood)

A

receives deoxygenated blood from R atrium via tricuspid valve

sends blood to lungs via pulmonary valve and arteries

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10
Q

the left ventricle (sends/recieves blood)

A

receives oxygenated blood from L atrium via mitral valve

sends blood to body via aortic valve and aorta

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11
Q

right/left ventricle is thicker

A

L > R

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12
Q

what seperates R and L ventricle

A

interventricular septum

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13
Q

what valves are considered atrioventricular valves (AV)

what are their functions

A

tricuspid
mitral/bicuspid

prevents backflow during ventricular contraction

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14
Q

what valves are considered semilunar valves (SL)

what are their functions

A

pulmonary
aortic

prevents backflow during ventricular relaxation

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15
Q

when do coronary arteries receive blood

A

during ventricular relaxation while aortic valve is closed

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16
Q

what branches make up the L coronary artery

A

L anterior descending
circumflex

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17
Q

what braches make up the R coronary artery

A

R marginal artery
R posterior descending

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18
Q

what is coronary dominance

A

designates the coronary artery system that is responsible for the majority of the posterior L ventricular circulation

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19
Q

what does R coronary dominance mean

A

R coronary artery gives off posterior descending artery

majority of the population

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20
Q

what does L coronary dominance mean

A

circumflex gives off posterior descending artery

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21
Q

where does the superior vena cava collect blood from

A

upper body and head

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22
Q

where does the inferior vena cava collect blood from

A

lower body and trunk

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23
Q

the aortic arch gives rise to what 3 arteries

A

brachiocephalic
right/left common carotid
left subclavian

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24
Q

list the blood flow from superior vena cava to body

A

venae cavae
R atrium
tricuspid valve
R ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
L atrium
mitral valve
L ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic circulation

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25
explain blood flow in regards to arteries/veins
heart arteries arterioles capilary beds venules veins venae cavae
26
what circulatory structures have the largest volume of blood at any given time
veins/venules
27
compare/contrast arteries vs veins
arteries: thicker walls, moves oxygenated blood away from the heart veins: moves deoxygenated blood to the heart, thin walls with large diameter, valves prevent backflow
28
where does O2/CO2 and nutrient exchange occur
capillaries
29
explain the anatomical layers of blood vessels
tunica interna (epithelial cells) tunica media (smooth muscle) tunica adventitia/externa (collagen and elastin)
30
explain the myocardium
calcium affects force of contraction of sarcomeres very high mitochondria (50% of myocardial mass)
31
what is the function of the Na-K pump
maintains action potential keeps more Na outside the cell and more K inside
32
what element is most important to ensure myocardium contraction
calcium binds to myocardial filaments to induce contraction
33
how does having more calcium affect myocardium contraction and heart rate
increase in calcium allows for greater contraction which increased heart rate
34
how is oxygen stored/released during heart contraction
myoglobin stores O2 during diastole and releases O2 during systole
35
what affect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart's function/blood flow
increases HR and contractility coronary artery vasodilation
36
what affect does the parasympathetic system have on the heart's function/blood flow
decreased HR, contractility SA node controlled by R vagus nerve AV node controlled by L vagus nerve
37
list the sympathetic cardiac receptors and their functions
adrenergic (a1): causes peripheral vasoconstriction which increases SVR (epinephrine and norepinephrine) beta1 (b1): causes increase HR and SV which increases cardiac output beta2 (b2): causes pulmonary and peripheral vasodilation which decreases SVR
38
what is the location and function of the SA node
"pacemaker", action potential generated located in R atrium neear superior vena cava
39
what is the function of the AV node and its location
"gatekeeper", depolarization, allows for blood to pass from atria into ventricles located between interatrial and interventricular septum
40
list the flow of electrical conduction throughout the heart
SA node R & L atrium AV node Bundle of His R & L bundle branches purkinje fibers
41
what is the function of R & L atrium
impuls travels and muscles contract
42
what is the funciton of the bundle of His
impulse conduction into interventricular septum
43
what is the function fo R & L bundle brances
depolarizes corresponding ventricle causing ventricular contraction
44
what is the function of the purkinje fibers
electrical activity spreads from endocardium to epicardium
45
what physiologic action takes place during atrial systole
blood ejected to relaxed ventricles
46
what physiologic action takes place during atrial diastole
atria relaxed to prepare for next cycle
47
what physiologic action takes place during early ventricular systole
AV valves close not enough pressure to open semilunar valves
48
what physiologic action happens during late ventricular systole
SL valves open blood ejected
49
what physiologic action happens during early ventricular diastole
drop in pressure closes SL valves
50
what physiologic action takes place during later ventricular diastole
all chambers are relaxed passive ventricular filling
51
explain physiologic action during S1 "LUB"
closure of AV valves early ventricular systole peak of R wave
52
explain the physiologic action during S2 "DUB"
closure of SL valve termination of ventricular systole, start of ventricular diastole end of T wave
53
explain each phase of the cardiac cycle when reading an EKG
P wave = atrial contraction PR segment = ventricular filling QRS complex = ventricular depolarization/contraction ST segment = "plateau phase" of ventricular relaxation T wave = ventricular relaxation
54
what is the equation for cardiac output
CO = HR x SV
55
what is stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood ejected per contraction
56
what is cardiac output
volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute
57
what 3 factors affect cardiac output
preload, contractility, afterload
58
what is preload and how does it affect cardiac output
degree to which the heart muscle can stretch before contraction correlated to end diastolic volume (EDV) which is the max amount of blood returning to the heart directly proportional to stroke volume (SV)
59
explain the frank-starling law
greater volume of blood is ejected when a greater volume returns contraction force decreases if fibers are too stretched/shortened
60
how does contractility change with increased HR
increased HR = increased contractility in HR >120, increase in calcium to result in a stronger contraction
61
what is ejection fraction
ratio of volume ejected vs volume received prior to contraction some blood stays in the ventricles to maintain stretch
62
what is the best indicator of cardiac function what is considered normal function and possible heart failure
ejection fraction normal = 55-70% heart failure = <40%
63
what is afterload how does afterload affect SV and CO
force that resists contraction pressure within the arterial system during systole expressed as SVR or TPR increased afterload = decreased SV = decreased CO
64
what conditions would preload be increased in
hypervolemia regurgitation of cardiac valves heart failure
65
what conditions would afterload be increased in
hypertension vasoconstriction
66
what is cardiac index what are cardiac index normal values
measurement of how well the heart is functioning correlates blood volume pumped by the heart to body surface area normal = 2/5-4 L/min/m2
67
what CI value would indicate cardiogenic shock
<2.2 L/min/m2
68
how does venous pressure differ throughout the body and why is the pressure difference important
distal venous presssure > proximal allows for gradient of blood flow back to the heart
69
how does inhalation assist in venous return
inhalation increased abdominal pressure to pull blood back towards the heart
70

Cardiopulmonary (1 decks)

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