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Cardiopulmonary > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained in the thoracic cavity

A

ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
heart and lungs
upper abdominal organs

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2
Q

where is the media stinum located

what is contained in the mediastinum

A

located between lung pleurae

heart
cardiac vasculature
esophagus
trachea
thymus
thoracic duct and lymph structures
phrenic nerve
cariave neural structures

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3
Q

what is the pericardium

A

outermost layer of the heart and is anchored to the diaphragm

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4
Q

what is the function of pericardial fluid

A

within the pericardial cavity

decreases friction that occurs during the cardiac cycle

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5
Q

what is the endocardium and what is its function

A

inner lining of the heart

contains electrical components

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6
Q

the right atria receives

A

deoxygenated blood from venae cavae

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7
Q

the left atria recieves

A

oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

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8
Q

compare/contrast right and left atria

A

left atria has thicker walls to accommodate higher pressure coming from pulmonary circulation

both have auricles to increase capacity

both have pectinate mm to increase strength of atrial contractions

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9
Q

the right ventricle (sends/receives blood)

A

receives deoxygenated blood from R atrium via tricuspid valve

sends blood to lungs via pulmonary valve and arteries

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10
Q

the left ventricle (sends/recieves blood)

A

receives oxygenated blood from L atrium via mitral valve

sends blood to body via aortic valve and aorta

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11
Q

right/left ventricle is thicker

A

L > R

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12
Q

what seperates R and L ventricle

A

interventricular septum

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13
Q

what valves are considered atrioventricular valves (AV)

what are their functions

A

tricuspid
mitral/bicuspid

prevents backflow during ventricular contraction

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14
Q

what valves are considered semilunar valves (SL)

what are their functions

A

pulmonary
aortic

prevents backflow during ventricular relaxation

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15
Q

when do coronary arteries receive blood

A

during ventricular relaxation while aortic valve is closed

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16
Q

what branches make up the L coronary artery

A

L anterior descending
circumflex

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17
Q

what braches make up the R coronary artery

A

R marginal artery
R posterior descending

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18
Q

what is coronary dominance

A

designates the coronary artery system that is responsible for the majority of the posterior L ventricular circulation

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19
Q

what does R coronary dominance mean

A

R coronary artery gives off posterior descending artery

majority of the population

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20
Q

what does L coronary dominance mean

A

circumflex gives off posterior descending artery

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21
Q

where does the superior vena cava collect blood from

A

upper body and head

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22
Q

where does the inferior vena cava collect blood from

A

lower body and trunk

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23
Q

the aortic arch gives rise to what 3 arteries

A

brachiocephalic
right/left common carotid
left subclavian

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24
Q

list the blood flow from superior vena cava to body

A

venae cavae
R atrium
tricuspid valve
R ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
L atrium
mitral valve
L ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic circulation

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25
Q

explain blood flow in regards to arteries/veins

A

heart
arteries
arterioles
capilary beds
venules
veins
venae cavae

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26
Q

what circulatory structures have the largest volume of blood at any given time

A

veins/venules

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27
Q

compare/contrast arteries vs veins

A

arteries: thicker walls, moves oxygenated blood away from the heart

veins: moves deoxygenated blood to the heart, thin walls with large diameter, valves prevent backflow

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28
Q

where does O2/CO2 and nutrient exchange occur

A

capillaries

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29
Q

explain the anatomical layers of blood vessels

A

tunica interna (epithelial cells)
tunica media (smooth muscle)
tunica adventitia/externa (collagen and elastin)

30
Q

explain the myocardium

A

calcium affects force of contraction of sarcomeres

very high mitochondria (50% of myocardial mass)

31
Q

what is the function of the Na-K pump

A

maintains action potential
keeps more Na outside the cell and more K inside

32
Q

what element is most important to ensure myocardium contraction

A

calcium
binds to myocardial filaments to induce contraction

33
Q

how does having more calcium affect myocardium contraction and heart rate

A

increase in calcium allows for greater contraction which increased heart rate

34
Q

how is oxygen stored/released during heart contraction

A

myoglobin stores O2 during diastole and releases O2 during systole

35
Q

what affect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart’s function/blood flow

A

increases HR and contractility
coronary artery vasodilation

36
Q

what affect does the parasympathetic system have on the heart’s function/blood flow

A

decreased HR, contractility
SA node controlled by R vagus nerve
AV node controlled by L vagus nerve

37
Q

list the sympathetic cardiac receptors and their functions

A

adrenergic (a1): causes peripheral vasoconstriction which increases SVR (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

beta1 (b1): causes increase HR and SV which increases cardiac output

beta2 (b2): causes pulmonary and peripheral vasodilation which decreases SVR

38
Q

what is the location and function of the SA node

A

“pacemaker”, action potential generated

located in R atrium neear superior vena cava

39
Q

what is the function of the AV node and its location

A

“gatekeeper”, depolarization, allows for blood to pass from atria into ventricles

located between interatrial and interventricular septum

40
Q

list the flow of electrical conduction throughout the heart

A

SA node
R & L atrium
AV node
Bundle of His
R & L bundle branches
purkinje fibers

41
Q

what is the function of R & L atrium

A

impuls travels and muscles contract

42
Q

what is the funciton of the bundle of His

A

impulse conduction into interventricular septum

43
Q

what is the function fo R & L bundle brances

A

depolarizes corresponding ventricle causing ventricular contraction

44
Q

what is the function of the purkinje fibers

A

electrical activity spreads from endocardium to epicardium

45
Q

what physiologic action takes place during atrial systole

A

blood ejected to relaxed ventricles

46
Q

what physiologic action takes place during atrial diastole

A

atria relaxed to prepare for next cycle

47
Q

what physiologic action takes place during early ventricular systole

A

AV valves close

not enough pressure to open semilunar valves

48
Q

what physiologic action happens during late ventricular systole

A

SL valves open
blood ejected

49
Q

what physiologic action happens during early ventricular diastole

A

drop in pressure closes SL valves

50
Q

what physiologic action takes place during later ventricular diastole

A

all chambers are relaxed
passive ventricular filling

51
Q

explain physiologic action during S1 “LUB”

A

closure of AV valves
early ventricular systole
peak of R wave

52
Q

explain the physiologic action during S2 “DUB”

A

closure of SL valve
termination of ventricular systole, start of ventricular diastole
end of T wave

53
Q

explain each phase of the cardiac cycle when reading an EKG

A

P wave = atrial contraction
PR segment = ventricular filling
QRS complex = ventricular depolarization/contraction
ST segment = “plateau phase” of ventricular relaxation
T wave = ventricular relaxation

54
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

55
Q

what is stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood ejected per contraction

56
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute

57
Q

what 3 factors affect cardiac output

A

preload, contractility, afterload

58
Q

what is preload and how does it affect cardiac output

A

degree to which the heart muscle can stretch before contraction

correlated to end diastolic volume (EDV) which is the max amount of blood returning to the heart

directly proportional to stroke volume (SV)

59
Q

explain the frank-starling law

A

greater volume of blood is ejected when a greater volume returns

contraction force decreases if fibers are too stretched/shortened

60
Q

how does contractility change with increased HR

A

increased HR = increased contractility

in HR >120, increase in calcium to result in a stronger contraction

61
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

ratio of volume ejected vs volume received prior to contraction

some blood stays in the ventricles to maintain stretch

62
Q

what is the best indicator of cardiac function

what is considered normal function and possible heart failure

A

ejection fraction

normal = 55-70%
heart failure = <40%

63
Q

what is afterload

how does afterload affect SV and CO

A

force that resists contraction
pressure within the arterial system during systole
expressed as SVR or TPR

increased afterload = decreased SV = decreased CO

64
Q

what conditions would preload be increased in

A

hypervolemia
regurgitation of cardiac valves
heart failure

65
Q

what conditions would afterload be increased in

A

hypertension
vasoconstriction

66
Q

what is cardiac index

what are cardiac index normal values

A

measurement of how well the heart is functioning
correlates blood volume pumped by the heart to body surface area

normal = 2/5-4 L/min/m2

67
Q

what CI value would indicate cardiogenic shock

A

<2.2 L/min/m2

68
Q

how does venous pressure differ throughout the body and why is the pressure difference important

A

distal venous presssure > proximal

allows for gradient of blood flow back to the heart

69
Q

how does inhalation assist in venous return

A

inhalation increased abdominal pressure to pull blood back towards the heart

70
Q
A

Cardiopulmonary (1 decks)

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