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Adult Health > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Infective Endocarditis: Patho

A

Vegetations growing on valves break off and embolism to various organs -> life threatening complications

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2
Q

Infective Endocarditis: Life threatening complications

A

Stroke, Spinal cord ischemia, Ischemia to extremities, Intestinal infarction, Splenic infarction

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3
Q

Ischemia to extremities meaning:

A

Pain, pallor, and cold foot or arm

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4
Q

Which is reported immediately?

A

Pain and Pallor in one foot

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5
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency: Patho

A

Valves in veins of lower extremities consistently fail to keep venous blood moving

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6
Q

What does CVI cause?

A

Chronic increased venous pressure; pushing fluid out of vascular space to surrounding tissues, tissue enzymes then break RBC down

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7
Q

Clinical finding for Chronic venous insufficiency

A

Brownish, hardened skin on lower extremities

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8
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency clinical manifestations

A

Brownish skin discoloration: chronic edema and inflammation; Tissue then harden appearing leathery, this skin prone to breakdown and ulcerations inside of the ankle

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9
Q

Emphasis of Discharge teaching for DVT

A

Minimize risk factors and promote blood flow and venous return and prevent reoccurrence

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10
Q

Teaching points for DVT education

A

Drink plenty of fluids: avoid caffeine and alcohol
Elevate legs when sitting and dorsiflex
Begin exercise program
Change position frequently
Stop Smoking
Avoid wearing restrictive clothes

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11
Q

Irregular waveforms of varying shapes/amplitudes

A

VFIB

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12
Q

EO: Potentially lethal dysrhythmia, irregular waveforms of varying shapes/amplitudes

A

VF

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13
Q

Dysrhythmia: Ventricle quivering with no effective contraction or cardiac output

A

VF

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14
Q

What does VF result in?

A

Unresponsive pulse less, apneic state

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15
Q

Treatment for VF

A

Rapid:
CPR
Defib
Drug Therapy

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16
Q

What drug therapies are used for VF?

A

Epinephrine
Vasopressin
Amiodarone

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17
Q

Discharge instructions for CABG

A

Hygiene
Medications
Activity Level
Sexual activity
Symptoms to report

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18
Q

CABG: Hygiene teaching

A

Shower instead of bath
No soaking or applying lotions to incisions

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19
Q

CABG: Activity level

A

No lifting objects >5lb
No driving for 4-6 weeks

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20
Q

CABG: Sexual activity

A

Resume able to walk 1 block or climb 2 flights of stairs w/o symptoms

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21
Q

CABG: Symptoms to report

A

Chest pain or SOB during rest
Signs of infection

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22
Q

Modify cardiac risk factors for CABG

A

No smoking, lose weight, maintain healthy diet, and increasing activity levels through exercises

23
Q

Heart failure: Full Patho

A

Cardiac output reduced: unable to pump blood right
Leads to: Reduce perfusion to vital organs
Reduced perfusion leads to: Decreased renal blood flow
Decreased renal leads to: Renin-angiotensin system to compensate by increasing blood volume via increased water resorption
Final result of compensation: Fluid volume excess and dilutional hyponatremia

24
Q

Heart Failure: Dilutional hyponatremia

A

Treated with:
Fluid restrict
Loop diuretics
ACE inhibitors

25
Q

Heart Failure: Furosemide

A

Resolve hyponatremia by:
Promote free water excretion
Allow hemoconcentration and increased sodium

26
Q

Pt with heart failure 8-hour urine output of 200 mL. What action should be first?

A

Auscultation of pts breath sounds

27
Q

What does Urine output of <30 mL/hr indicate?

A

Low vascular volume: Dehydration or blood loss
Decreased Renal Perfusion: Low cardiac output
Intrinsic kidney injury
Urinary obstruction: Prostate or foley

28
Q

Why would auscultation be necessary for client’s with heart failure, low urine output?

A

Decreased cardiac function and buildup of fluid:
Leads to need to assess lung sounds for crackles

29
Q

S/S Failing pacemaker

A

Failure to capture with:
Bradycardia
Hypotension

30
Q

Failure to capture in pacemaker

A

Pacer spikes without associated QRS

31
Q

PRIORITY for Failed Pacemaker

A

Initiate transcutaneous pacing

32
Q

Acute blood loss: Interventions

A

Improve perfusion to brain and vital organs

33
Q

Acute blood loss: Priority

A

Lowering the head of the bed prior to other interventions

34
Q

PAD: Description

A

Chronic atherosclerotic disease
Caused by buildup of plaque in arteries

35
Q

What does PAD commonly affect?

A

Lower extremities: Leading to tissue necrosis

36
Q

PAD: Management

A

Lower extremities below heart when sitting/lying (improves arterial blood flow)
Engage moderate exercise
Daily skin care
Stop smoking
Avoid tight clothes
Take meds as prescribed

37
Q

Focuses of management

A

Improving blood flow and circulation to extremities via lifestyle changes and medications

38
Q

Halter Monitor: Pt education

A

Diary of activities and symptoms
Do not bathe or shower
Engage in normal activities

39
Q

Clinical manifestations of DVT:

A

Calf pain
Lower leg warmth, and redness
Unilateral leg edema

40
Q

DVT occurs:

A

Commonly from decreased activity or mobility

41
Q

DVT S/S

A

Unilateral edema
Calf Pain or TTP
Warmth
Erythema
Low-grade fever

42
Q

Clients with … are at risk for life-threatening dysrhythmias (Heart block, V-tach, V-fib)

A

Myocardial Infarction

43
Q

Myocardial Ischemia damages what? Causing what?

A

Cardiac muscle cells causing electrical irritability (PVC)

44
Q

What increase the risk for dysrhythmias?

A

Electrolyte imbalances/ Hypokalemia

45
Q

How does hypokalemia relate to Dysrhythmias?

A

Hyperpolarizes cardiac conduction pathways increasing risk for dysrhythmias

46
Q

Medications administered for pts w/ NSR w/ PVC and lab values of Potassium 3.3 mEq/L

A

Potassium chloride IVPB once

47
Q

A-fib discharge pt stable w/ meds (Digoxin). What education is needed before discharging?

A

Visit doctor to check drug levels
Report to HCP if nausea and vomiting
Tell HCP if HR below 60 BPM

NO need for increasing potassium intake

48
Q

Troponin:

A

High specific cardiac marker for detection of MI

49
Q

Difference from Troponin and CK MB

A

Troponin:Greater sensitivity and specificity for myocardial injury

50
Q

Troponin serum levels increase…

A

4-6 hours after onset of MI

51
Q

Troponin value indicative of cardiac muscle damage

A

0.7 ng/mL
Immediate focus

52
Q

Highest priority for intervention with patients having chest pain

A

Elevated Troponin value: indicative of myocardial injury

53
Q

Pt education for Mitral valve prolapse

A

Stay hydrated
Avoid caffeine and EOTH
Exercise regularly
Reduce stress
Take beta blockers (for palp and chest Px)

54
Q

S/S of Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Experiencing occasional palpitations, lightheadedness, and dizziness

Adult Health (1 decks)

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