Cardio

Question 1

Definition of atherosclerosis

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis is the build-up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls.

Question 2

Does atherosclerosis occur in low or high pressure systems?

Answer 2

Occurs in high pressure systems such as aorta and systemic arteries.

Question 3

What are the main 4 risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

Cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes (poorly controlled) and hyperlipidaemia (raised serum levels of one or more of total cholesterol) .

Question 4

Is the lipid insudation theory the correct mechanism for atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

Nope.

Question 5

What is the more commonly accepted mechanism for atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

Endothelial damage theory

Question 6

Endothelial cells are delicate. What can damage them?

Answer 6

Free radicals, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Hypertension creates shearing forces. Diabetes results in superoxide anions glycosylation products. Hyperlipidaemia causes direct damage to endothelial cells.

Question 7

How does atherosclerosis cause coronary heart disease?

Answer 7

Coronary arteries become clogged with plaques.

Question 8

What is angina and how does atherosclerosis cause it?

Answer 8

Short periods of tight, dull or heavy chest pain caused by coronary heart disease.

Question 9

How does atherosclerosis cause heart attacks?

Answer 9

Blood supply to the heart is blocked a blood clot getting lodged in the plaque in a clogged artery.

Question 10

How does atherosclerosis cause strokes?

Answer 10

Blood supply to the brain is blocked.

Question 11

What are TIAa and how does atherosclerosis cause them?

Answer 11

Temporary symptoms of a stroke. Blood supply to the brain is temporarily blocked.

Question 12

What it peripheral arterial disease and how does does atherosclerosis cause it?

Answer 12

Blood supply to your legs is blocked, causing leg pain when walking.

Question 13

What are ways you can control atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

Stop smoking. Exercise. Lose weight.
Eat healthily.
Manage stress.

Question 14

Definition of thrombosis

Answer 14

Solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular during life.

Question 15

What is laminar flow? (referring to the circulatory system)

Answer 15

Blood flowing through the middle of the vessel.

Question 16

What does endothelial cell injury often lead to?

Answer 16

Platelet aggregation, which in turn leads to thrombus formation.

Question 17

3 things that cause thrombosis

Answer 17

Change in vessel wall, change in blood flow, change in blood constituents.

Question 18

How does COVID affect thrombosis?

Answer 18

Get lots of little thrombi all over the place.

Question 19

What is an embolus?

Answer 19

Mass of material in the vascular system that can get lodged within the vessel and block in.

Question 20

What is ischaemia?

Answer 20

Reduction in blood flow. Insufficient supply of blood to an organ or tissue.

Question 21

What are the results of ischaemia and what is myocardial ischaemia?

Answer 21

Cells furthest from the arteries don’t get enough oxygen. Myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow to the heart.

Question 22

What is infarction?

Answer 22

Death of cells due to lack of blood. Myocardial infraction is death of myocardial cells due to reduced blood flow.

Question 23

Why are the lungs, liver and some parts of the brain more resistant to infarction?

Answer 23

Lungs, liver and some parts of the brain have dual blood supply.