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BMPH 1 > Cardio 1 > Flashcards

Cardio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • Cardiovascular = Cardio (heart) + vascular (blood vessels)
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2
Q

Role of CV system in body

A
  • Delivers oxygen/nutrients to organs/tissues

- Removes waste (CO2, other cell respiration by-products) from organs/tissues

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3
Q

Size of heart

A

Size of person’s fist (correlated with size)

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4
Q

Shape of heart

A

blunt cone-shaped

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5
Q

Position of heart

A

Slightly sifted to left side

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6
Q

Location of heart

A
  • Lies in mediastinum in thoracic cavity
  • Sits on top of diaphragm
  • Be hind sternum
  • In front of vertebral column
  • Between lungs
  • Enclosed/protected by ribs
  • Right/left sides separated by muscular septum
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7
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Covers surface of heart + great vessels

- Also called: visceral pericardium

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular middle layer:

  • Cardiac muscle cells: striated branching cells with many mitochondria, intercalated disks for synchronous contraction
  • Cardiac myocytes: striated, branching cells with fibrous cardiac skeleton; coronary vessels
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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer

  • Made of thin epithelial layer, underlying connective tissues
  • Lines heart chamber, valve
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10
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-layered sac surrounding heart

  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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11
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Outer layer

- Touch fibrous connective tissue anchors heart within mediastinum

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12
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Simple squamous epithelial layer

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13
Q

Parietal pericardium

A
  • Lines fibrous pericardium
  • Secretes protein-rich fluid (pericardial fluid)
  • Fills space between layers (lubricant for heart, prevents friction)
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14
Q

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A
  • Covers outer surface of heart
  • Secretes protein-rich fluid (pericardial fluid)
  • Fills space between layers (lubricant for heart, prevents friction)
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15
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • Separate atria from ventricles

- Tricupsid and bicuspid

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16
Q

Tricuspid valve

A
  • 3 cusps with chord tendinae (tether valve to papillary muscle)
  • Prevents blood back flow into right atrium (right ventricle contracts –> papillary muscles contract, keep chord tendinae taut)
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17
Q

Bicuspid/mitral valve

A
  • 2 cusps: anterior/posterior leaflet
  • Both have chord tendinae tethered to papillary muscles in left ventricle
  • Prevents blood back flow back into left atrium
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18
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Located where two major arteries leave ventricles

- Pulmonary + aortic valve

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19
Q

Pulmonary valve

A
  • 3 half moon shaped cusps

- prevents blood back flow into right ventricle

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20
Q

Aortic valve

A
  • 3 cusps

- Prevents blood back flow into left ventricle

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21
Q

Blood flow physiology

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters right side of heart via superior/inferior vena cava (veins)
  2. Coronary sinus (tiny R atrium opening) collects blood from coronary vessels –> R atrium –> tricuspid valve –> R ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary capillaries –> alveoli
  3. Blood connects O2 from alveoli and removes CO2
  4. Oxygenated blood travels through pulmonary granules –> pulmonary veins –> L atrium –> bicuspid/mitral valve –> L ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> organs, tissues
  5. Deoxygenated blood returns to heart
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22
Q

Pulmonary and system circulation pump the ___ amount of blood.

A

Same

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23
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Low pressure system
  • Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circulation to collect oxygen
  • Path: R atrium –> R ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs
24
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • High pressure system
  • Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation
  • Path: pulmonary veins –> L atrium –> L ventricle –> aorta –> body
  • L ventricle = 3x R ventricle thickness –> inc systemic circulation resistance
25
Q

Pulmonary vs systemic: pressure

A

systemic > pulmonary

26
Q

Pulmonary vs systemic: side of heart

A 
Pulmonary = R
Systemic = L
27
Q

Pulmonary vs systemic: blood oxygenation

A

Pulmonary: deoxygenation for lungs
Systemic: oxygenated for tissue

28
Q

Pulmonary vs systemic: ventricle thickness

A

Pulmonary R ventricle < systemic R ventricle

29
Q

Ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricular contraction/atrial relaxation
  • Occurs during S1 sound
  • Aortic valves open –> blood into aorta, pulmonary arteries
  • BP: arterial pressure when ventricles squeeze out blood under high pressure
30
Q

Ventricular diastole

A
  • Ventricular relaxation/atrial contraction
  • Occurs during S2 sound
  • Tricuspid/mitral valves open –> blood fills ventricles
  • BP: ventricles fill with more blood (lower pressure)
31
Q

Blood distribution

A
  • Average adult: 5L/1.32 gal total blood volume
  • oxygenated from lungs –> left heart pump –> distribute to all organs (not equally)
  • From organs –> right heart pump –> lungs
32
Q

Which organs receive blood for metabolic purposes only?

A
  • Heart
  • Brain
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Bone
33
Q

Which organs receive blood for both metabolic and recondition purposes?

A
  • Lungs
  • kidneys
  • GI
  • intestinal organs
34
Q

Preload

A
  • Amp of blood in L ventricle before contraction
  • Determined by filling pressure (end diastolic pressure)
  • “Volume work” of heart
35
Q

Afterload

A
  • Resistance (load) L ventricle needs to push against to eject blood during contraction
  • “Tension work” of heart
36
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A
  • Blood volume (L) pumped by heart per contraction

- Determined by amp of blood filling ventricle, compliance of ventricular myocardium

37
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A
  • Blood volumed pumped by heart per minute (L/min)

- = Stroke volume * heart rate

38
Q

Venous return

A

Blood flow from veins back to atria

39
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A
  • % of blood leaving heart during each contraction

- = (SV end diastolic volume) * 100

40
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A
  • Ventricular contraction strength related to amp of ventricular myocardial stretch
  • Max contract force achieved when myocardial actin, myosin fibers are stretched about 2-2.5 times normal resting length
41
Q

Blood vessel layers (Tunics)

A
  • Tunica intima (interna): innermost, thin
  • Tunica media: middle, smooth muscle
  • Tunica externa: outermost, collagen (vaso vasorum: needs own blood supply)
42
Q

Arteries

A
  • High pressure
  • Thicker than veins
  • No valves
43
Q

Types of arteries

A
  • Elastic
  • Muscular
  • Arterioles
44
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Conducting

  • Lots of elastic in externa/media
  • Stretchy
  • Absorbs pressure
  • Largest arteries closes to heart
45
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Distributing arteries

  • Carry blood to organs/tissues
  • Thick muscular layer
46
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest

  • Branching from artery in organs/tissues
  • Resistance regulators
  • Tunica media
  • Regulate blood flow
  • Contract: dec blood flow, inc systemic resistance
  • Vasodilate: inc blood flow, dec systemic resistance
  • Contraction/dilation = thermoregulation
47
Q

Veins

A
  • Low pressure
  • Can’t tolerate high pressure
  • Adaptable to different volumes/pressures
  • Valves to resist gravity
48
Q

Venules

A

Small veins that connect to capillaries

49
Q

Capillaries

A
  • One endothelial cell thick
  • Exchange nutrients and waste
  • Fluid moves out of vessel to interstitial space
  • ions: via clefts/pores
  • lipid soluble: dissolve and diffuse
50
Q

Bulk flow - definition

A

Passive water/nutrient movement across capillary wall down concentration gradient

51
Q

Bulk flow - features

A
  • Moves large amounts of water, substance in same direction through fenestrated capillaries
  • Material movement
  • Faster transport method
  • Regulates blood, interstitial volume
  • Filtration, reabsorption
  • Continuous fluid mixing between plasma, interstitial fluid
52
Q

Bulk flow types

A
  • Filtration

- Reabsorption

53
Q

Filtration

A

Bulk flow when moving from blood to interstitium

54
Q

Reabsorption

A

Bulk flow when moving from interstitium to blood

55
Q

Major site of bulk flow

A

Kidney

BMPH 1 (8 decks)

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